Progress and challenges on scaling up of perovskite solar cell technology

Since the first application of a metal halide perovskite (PVK) absorber in a solar cell, these materials have drawn a great deal of attention in the photovoltaic (PV) community, showing exceptional rapid progress in power conversion efficiency. The potential advantages of low-cost, high efficiency, easy processability, and wide range of applications make PVK solar cells (PSCs) a desirable candidate for future uptake in the PV market over traditional semiconductors such as silicon. Furthermore, PVK thin-film technology holds a concrete potential to closely approach the theoretical efficiency limit for single-junction solar cells via unique control of the optoelectronic properties. However, for a disruptive breakthrough of PVK technology from fundamental research to industry, systematic research efforts are required to unravel the poor long-term stability and to reach a reliable large area fabrication process. In this review, we examine in detail recent progress on large-scale PSCs and we discuss challenges for commercialization touching upon the following aspects: material properties, fabrication technology, and industrialization challenges. Besides, the long-term stability and efficiency of large-area PSCs as well as PVK-based two-terminal tandem devices are discussed. In addition, strategies for PSC upscaling are further studied for scalable deposition technologies. Finally, we review the most recent literature on costs and environmental assessment.