A 0.9-V 28-MHz Highly Digital CMOS Dual-RC Frequency Reference With ±200 ppm Inaccuracy From -40 °C to 85 °C

Woojun Choi, Jan Angevare, Injun Park, Kofi A.A. Makinwa, Youngcheol Chae*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleScientificpeer-review

7 Citations (Scopus)
31 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

This article presents an energy-efficient dual- RC frequency reference intended for wireless sensor nodes. It consists of a digital frequency-locked loop (FLL) in which the frequency of a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) is locked to a temperature-independent phase shift derived from two different RC poly-phase filters (PPFs). Phase shifts with complementary temperature coefficients (TCs) are generated by using PPFs made from different resistor types (p-poly and silicided p-poly). The phase shift of each filter is determined by a zero-crossing (ZC) detector and then digitized by a digital phase-domain ΔΣ modulator ( Φ - ΔΣM ). The results are then combined in the digital domain via fixed polynomials to produce a temperature-independent phase shift. This highly digital architecture enables the use of a sub-1-V supply voltage and enhances energy and area efficiency. The 28-MHz frequency reference occupies 0.06 mm2 in a 65-nm CMOS process. It achieves a period jitter of 7 ps ( 1σ ) and draws 142 μW from a 0.9-V supply, which corresponds to an energy consumption of 5 pJ/cycle. Furthermore, it achieves ±200 ppm inaccuracy from −40∘C to 85 ∘C after a two-point trim.

Original languageEnglish
Article number9665815
Pages (from-to)2418-2428
Number of pages11
JournalIEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
Volume57
Issue number8
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2022

Bibliographical note

Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care
 
Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.

Keywords

  • CMOS frequency reference
  • digital frequency-locked loop (FLL)
  • digital phase-domain ΔΣ modulator (ϕ-ΔΣM)
  • digitally assisted
  • RC poly-phase filter (PPF)
  • temperature compensation
  • trimming
  • wireless sensor node
  • zero-crossing (ZC) detector.

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