A Comprehensive Classification of State-of-the-Art Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking Architectures for Photovoltaic Systems

In photovoltaic (PV) systems, unavoidable factors, such as partial shading, nonoptimal mounting angles of PV modules, and accumulation of dust result in mismatches, consequently diminishing energy yield. A promising solution to mitigate these issues is to use distributed maximum power point tracking (DMPPT) architectures. To alleviate mismatch-related losses, many DMPPT architectures, including full power processing (FPP) and differential power processing (DPP), have been documented in the literature. FPP encompasses techniques, such as microinverters, modular multilevel cascade inverters, and dc architectures, such as parallel, series, and total cross-tied. DPP variants include series DPP, parallel DPP, and series–parallel DPP architectures. Moreover, novel DMPPT architectures, such as hybrid and hierarchical architectures, along with advancements in converter topologies and control strategies, continue to emerge, aiming to improve levelized cost of energy. Each novel solution brings distinct advantages and challenges, but the extensive number of architectures, power converters topologies, and control methods have led to confusion and complexity in navigating the literature. This article systematically categorizes, reviews, and compares various DMPPT architectures, associated converters, and control strategies, providing a comprehensive overview of the evolving landscape of DMPPT development. By elucidating existing advancements and identifying gaps for further research, this review aims to offer clarity and guidance in advancing DMPPT technology for enhanced PV system performance.