A Hybrid Approach for Considering Topography in Graph-Based Optimization of Water Distribution Networks

Water distribution networks (WDNs) are a vital component of urban water infrastructure. They transport water from production sites (sources) to spatially distributed consumers (sinks). Multiobjective optimization procedures are often used to minimize construction costs and at the same time maximize the resilience of such systems, which is usually a very computationally expensive task. Recently, highly efficient approaches based on complex network analysis (CNA) have been developed to solve this task more computationally efficiently. With CNA, very large WDNs can be optimized, considering network topology and demand distribution (using, e.g., demand edge betweenness centrality). However, existing CNA approaches do not consider network topography (i.e., height differences between sources and sinks). Comparing design solutions based on CNA with those found by evolutionary algorithms shows that the least-cost CNA design cannot compete with the latter. In this work, a hybrid approach is developed, where low-cost design CNA solutions are evaluated with a hydraulic solver (Epanet2), and subsequently the demand edge betweenness centrality distribution is iteratively altered for nodes with pressure deficits. This enhanced CNA-based optimization is tested on two different large case studies from the literature and shows promising results (2% cost increase). These solutions were obtained using significantly less computational effort (at least factor 1,000 faster), enabling solving very large WDN optimization problems (>150,000 decision variables).