A Survey of Control and Energy Management in Hydrogen Production Systems

This article provides a comprehensive review of power electronics converter control and energy management for hydrogen production systems through water electrolysis. Hydrogen production from renewable energy sources is a key pathway toward decarbonizing energy systems and enabling large-scale energy storage. Efficient and dependable operation necessitates addressing the dynamic properties of electrolyzers, the intermittent nature of renewable sources, and the coordination among numerous power electronic interfaces. Unlike earlier studies that addressed these aspects separately, this review systematically connects electrolyzer modeling, converter design, control architectures, and energy management to reveal their critical interdependence. By examining these connections, the analysis reveals critical research gaps in real-time coordination, parameter adaptation, and scalable architectures, outlining pathways toward intelligent and grid-independent hydrogen production systems. This review integrates electrolyzer modeling, power converter control algorithms, AC and DC energy hub architectures, hierarchical control schemes, and energy management systems from classical to advanced methods.