Angle-dependent full wavefield migration based upon full waveform inversion and joint migration inversion

The Santos basin in Brazil suffers from strong internal multiples that overlap with primaries from the pre-salt reservoirs. We propose an adaptive double-focusing method for the removal of these multiples to obtain a correct image of the target area. The proposed method applies a form of source-receiver Marchenko redatuming to the reflection response. The Marchenko method is used to achieve single-focusing, after which we convolve the retrieved downgoing focusing function and the upgoing Green’s function to create double-focusing. This results in a base image that contains both primaries and internal multiples, and two models that predict the strongest internal multiples. Next, adaptive subtraction in the curvelet domain is used to remove these multiples from the base image. Some multiple interactions between the target area and the overburden remain, but we gain a robust method that is capable of dealing with a sparse acquisition geometry and imperfections in the (pre-processed) data. Also, this method is straightforward to implement and can be parallelized over pairs of focal points. These properties make adaptive double-focusing particularly suitable for the application to large volumes of field data. Tests on 2D field data and 3D field data show that the proposed method correctly predicts and removes the strongest internal multiples from the overburden, resulting in a clear improvement of the geological interpretability in the target area.