Bed degradation in the Rhine River

Due to training works the bed elevation in the upstream Dutch Rhine delta has decreased by 1 to 2 meters over the past century. Navigation now starts to suffer from manmade and natural layers that do not degrade. Astrid Blom discusses the physical mechanisms of the bed degradation, as well as the role of sediment nourishment, Room for the River measures, and sea level rise. A thus far neglected origin of the bed degradation is the temporal coarsening of sediment supply from Germany.