Changes in Non-Driving-Related Activities from Conditional to Full Automation and Their Implications for Interior Design: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Yujing Cai, Shabila Anjani, Dave Withey, Gerbera Vledder, Yu Song*, Peter Vink

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

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Abstract

Automated driving frees users from the task of driving, allowing them to engage in new activities. Using keywords related to Non-Driving-Related Activities (NDRAs) and automated vehicles (and their variants), with reference to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) levels 3, 4, and 5, the authors identified 2430 studies from various databases and sources. Of these, 47 were included in this study, with 39 included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis of the included studies shows a positive correlation between automation levels and the diversity of NDRAs. Communication and interaction with passengers are the most common activities, followed by media consumption, rest, and relaxation. Food and drink consumption slightly surpasses working and productivity, while personal habits and hygiene are less prioritized. Although some users still value vehicle monitoring, this need decreases with higher automation levels. Key activities such as communication, laptop use, and sleeping are highlighted as significant benefits of automation, as users transition away from situational awareness and are able to perform cognitively intensive tasks. The review also addresses potential design implications to support these NDRAs and discusses related regulatory challenges.
Original languageEnglish
Article number9442
Number of pages15
JournalApplied Sciences
Volume14
Issue number20
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2024

Keywords

  • automated vehicles
  • NDRAs
  • interior design

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