TY - JOUR
T1 - Changes in Non-Driving-Related Activities from Conditional to Full Automation and Their Implications for Interior Design
T2 - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
AU - Cai, Yujing
AU - Anjani, Shabila
AU - Withey, Dave
AU - Vledder, Gerbera
AU - Song, Yu
AU - Vink, Peter
PY - 2024
Y1 - 2024
N2 - Automated driving frees users from the task of driving, allowing them to engage in new activities. Using keywords related to Non-Driving-Related Activities (NDRAs) and automated vehicles (and their variants), with reference to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) levels 3, 4, and 5, the authors identified 2430 studies from various databases and sources. Of these, 47 were included in this study, with 39 included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis of the included studies shows a positive correlation between automation levels and the diversity of NDRAs. Communication and interaction with passengers are the most common activities, followed by media consumption, rest, and relaxation. Food and drink consumption slightly surpasses working and productivity, while personal habits and hygiene are less prioritized. Although some users still value vehicle monitoring, this need decreases with higher automation levels. Key activities such as communication, laptop use, and sleeping are highlighted as significant benefits of automation, as users transition away from situational awareness and are able to perform cognitively intensive tasks. The review also addresses potential design implications to support these NDRAs and discusses related regulatory challenges.
AB - Automated driving frees users from the task of driving, allowing them to engage in new activities. Using keywords related to Non-Driving-Related Activities (NDRAs) and automated vehicles (and their variants), with reference to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) levels 3, 4, and 5, the authors identified 2430 studies from various databases and sources. Of these, 47 were included in this study, with 39 included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis of the included studies shows a positive correlation between automation levels and the diversity of NDRAs. Communication and interaction with passengers are the most common activities, followed by media consumption, rest, and relaxation. Food and drink consumption slightly surpasses working and productivity, while personal habits and hygiene are less prioritized. Although some users still value vehicle monitoring, this need decreases with higher automation levels. Key activities such as communication, laptop use, and sleeping are highlighted as significant benefits of automation, as users transition away from situational awareness and are able to perform cognitively intensive tasks. The review also addresses potential design implications to support these NDRAs and discusses related regulatory challenges.
KW - automated vehicles
KW - NDRAs
KW - interior design
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85207378119&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/app14209442
DO - 10.3390/app14209442
M3 - Review article
SN - 2076-3417
VL - 14
JO - Applied Sciences
JF - Applied Sciences
IS - 20
M1 - 9442
ER -