Computational modelling of masonry with a view to Groningen induced seismicity

Computational models for masonry are briefly reviewed and judged upon their practical performance at the structural scale, i.e. at building level, in a nonlinear pushover or nonlinear time history setting. Particular attention is given to an anisotropic macro model based upon total stress-strain relations in tension, shear and compression with proper unloading/reloading. A multi-level experimental campaign for Groningen masonry delivered material input and validation data at component and structural level. Brief attention is given to the temporal discretization, with a sequentially linear scheme that drives the solution over the peak up to structural softening down to zero, as an alternative to incremental-iterative implicit schemes.