TY - JOUR
T1 - Deformation at Krafla and Bjarnarflag geothermal areas, Northern Volcanic Zone of Iceland, 1993-2015
AU - Drouin, Vincent
AU - Sigmundsson, Freysteinn
AU - Verhagen, Sandra
AU - Ófeigsson, Benedikt G.
AU - Spaans, Karsten
AU - Hreinsdóttir, Sigrún
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - The Krafla volcanic system has geothermal areas within the Krafla caldera and at Bjarnarflag in the Krafla fissure swarm, 9-km south of the Krafla caldera. Arrays of boreholes extract geothermal fluids for power plants in both areas. We collected and analyzed InSAR, GPS, and leveling data spanning 1993-2015 in order to investigate crustal deformation in these areas. The volcanic zone hosting the geothermal areas is also subject to large scale regional deformation processes, including plate spreading and deflation of the Krafla volcanic system. These deformation processes have to be taken into account in order to isolate the geothermal deformation signal. Plate spreading produces the largest horizontal displacements, but the regional deformation pattern also suggests readjustment of the Krafla system at depth after the 1975-1984 Krafla rifting episode. Observed deformation can be fit by an inflation source at about 20km depth north of Krafla and a deflation source at similar depth directly below the Krafla caldera. Deflation signal along the fissure swarm can be reproduced by a 1-km wide sill at 4km depth closing by 2-4cm per year. These sources are considered to approximate the combined effects of vertical deformation associated with plate spreading and post-rifting response. Local deformation at the geothermal areas is well resolved in addition to these signals. InSAR shows that deformation at Bjarnarflag is elongated along the direction of the Krafla fissure swarm (∼ 4km by ∼ 2km) while it is circular at Krafla (∼ 5km diameter). Rates of deflation at Krafla and Bjarnarflag geothermal areas have been relatively steady. Average volume decrease of about 6.6×105 m3/yr for Krafla and 3.9×105 m3/yr for Bjanarflag are found at sources located at ∼ 1.5km depth, when interpreted by a spherical point source of pressure. This volume change represents about 8×10 -3 m3/ton of the mass of geothermal fluid extracted per year, indicating important renewal of the geothermal reservoir by water flow.
AB - The Krafla volcanic system has geothermal areas within the Krafla caldera and at Bjarnarflag in the Krafla fissure swarm, 9-km south of the Krafla caldera. Arrays of boreholes extract geothermal fluids for power plants in both areas. We collected and analyzed InSAR, GPS, and leveling data spanning 1993-2015 in order to investigate crustal deformation in these areas. The volcanic zone hosting the geothermal areas is also subject to large scale regional deformation processes, including plate spreading and deflation of the Krafla volcanic system. These deformation processes have to be taken into account in order to isolate the geothermal deformation signal. Plate spreading produces the largest horizontal displacements, but the regional deformation pattern also suggests readjustment of the Krafla system at depth after the 1975-1984 Krafla rifting episode. Observed deformation can be fit by an inflation source at about 20km depth north of Krafla and a deflation source at similar depth directly below the Krafla caldera. Deflation signal along the fissure swarm can be reproduced by a 1-km wide sill at 4km depth closing by 2-4cm per year. These sources are considered to approximate the combined effects of vertical deformation associated with plate spreading and post-rifting response. Local deformation at the geothermal areas is well resolved in addition to these signals. InSAR shows that deformation at Bjarnarflag is elongated along the direction of the Krafla fissure swarm (∼ 4km by ∼ 2km) while it is circular at Krafla (∼ 5km diameter). Rates of deflation at Krafla and Bjarnarflag geothermal areas have been relatively steady. Average volume decrease of about 6.6×105 m3/yr for Krafla and 3.9×105 m3/yr for Bjanarflag are found at sources located at ∼ 1.5km depth, when interpreted by a spherical point source of pressure. This volume change represents about 8×10 -3 m3/ton of the mass of geothermal fluid extracted per year, indicating important renewal of the geothermal reservoir by water flow.
KW - Divergent plate boundary and volcanic systems
KW - Geothermal areas
KW - GPS
KW - InSAR
KW - Leveling
KW - Thermal contraction
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85024920157&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.06.013
DO - 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.06.013
M3 - Article
SN - 0377-0273
VL - 344
SP - 92
EP - 105
JO - Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
JF - Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
ER -