TY - JOUR
T1 - Does Another Pedestrian Matter? A Virtual Reality Study on the Interaction Between Multiple Pedestrians and Autonomous Vehicles in Shared Space
AU - Feng, Yan
AU - Xu, Zhenlin
AU - Farah, Haneen
AU - Van Arem, Bart
PY - 2024
Y1 - 2024
N2 - This study utilized Virtual Reality (VR) experiments to investigate pedestrian-autonomous vehicle interaction in shared spaces. In the VR experiment, pedestrians attempt to cross the road under different conditions, including the presence of another pedestrian, different external Human-Machine-Interfaces, AV driving styles, and road conditions. We employed an innovative VR setup that enabled two pedestrians to interact in real time with physical movements within an immersive VR environment. Overall, we found that the presence of multiple pedestrians significantly influenced pedestrian movement dynamics during road crossing. Additionally, the relative standing position had a significant impact on the distant pedestrians regarding time before crossing and vehicle-gazing behavior. While previous studies predominantly focused on pedestrian-AV interaction with a single pedestrian, this study takes an important step forward in terms of theory, methods, and relevance by considering interactions between multiple pedestrians and AVs. The findings establish a basis for further exploration of pedestrian-AV interaction in shared space.
AB - This study utilized Virtual Reality (VR) experiments to investigate pedestrian-autonomous vehicle interaction in shared spaces. In the VR experiment, pedestrians attempt to cross the road under different conditions, including the presence of another pedestrian, different external Human-Machine-Interfaces, AV driving styles, and road conditions. We employed an innovative VR setup that enabled two pedestrians to interact in real time with physical movements within an immersive VR environment. Overall, we found that the presence of multiple pedestrians significantly influenced pedestrian movement dynamics during road crossing. Additionally, the relative standing position had a significant impact on the distant pedestrians regarding time before crossing and vehicle-gazing behavior. While previous studies predominantly focused on pedestrian-AV interaction with a single pedestrian, this study takes an important step forward in terms of theory, methods, and relevance by considering interactions between multiple pedestrians and AVs. The findings establish a basis for further exploration of pedestrian-AV interaction in shared space.
KW - autonomous vehicles
KW - eHMI
KW - Shared space
KW - virtual reality
KW - VRU-AV interaction
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85208267482&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/TITS.2024.3482558
DO - 10.1109/TITS.2024.3482558
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85208267482
SN - 1524-9050
VL - 26
SP - 196
EP - 209
JO - IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
JF - IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
IS - 1
ER -