Evaluation of pinhole collimator materials for micron-resolution ex vivo SPECT

Pinhole collimation is widely recognized for offering superior resolution-sensitivity trade-off in SPECT imaging of small subjects. The newly developed EXIRAD-3D autoradiography technique (MILabs B.V.) based on a highly focusing multi-pinhole collimator achieves micron-resolution SPECT for cryo-cooled tissue samples. For such high resolutions, the choice of pinhole material may have a significant impact on images. Therefore, this paper aims to compare the performance of EXIRAD-3D with lead, tungsten, gold, and depleted uranium pinhole collimators designed such that they achieve equal sensitivities. Performance in terms of resolution is characterized for several radioisotopes, namely ¹¹¹In (171 keV and 245 keV), ^99mTc (140 keV), ²⁰¹Tl (71 keV), and ¹²⁵I (27 keV). Using Monte Carlo simulation, point spread functions were generated and their profiles as well as their full-width-at-half-maximum and full-width-at-tenth-maximum were determined and evaluated for different materials and isotopes. Additionally, simulated reconstructions of a Derenzo resolution phantom, validated with experimental data, were judged by assessment of the resolvable rods as well as a contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) analysis. Our results indicate that using materials with higher photon-stopping power yields images with better CNR for the studied isotopes with improvements ranging from 1.9% to 36.6%. Visual assessment on the reconstructed images suggests that for EXIRAD-3D, the tungsten collimator is generally a good choice for a wide range of SPECT isotopes. For relatively high-energy isotopes such as ¹¹¹In, using gold inserts can be beneficial.