Experimental and numerical flow field study of submerged translating impinging inclined water jets

This study investigates the influence of multiple jet parameters on the flow field of translating impinging inclined water jets. We conducted full-scale stereoscopic particle image velocimetry and pressure measurements and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations for Reynolds numbers in the range of. Considering the complex mechanism of a translating impinging jet, a good concordance is observed between the experimental and numerical results. The translation-to-jet velocity ratio is identified as a critical parameter in determining whether the jet flow predominantly exhibits impinging characteristics or behaves as a jet in cross-flow. It is found that, for, jet impingement is minimal. The stand-off distance to nozzle diameter ratio determines the relative influence of the cross-flow on the jet flow. The effect of is similar to a stationary impinging jet, with the potential core extending up to, but entrainment is enhanced by the relative cross-flow. For an inclined jet, i.e. jet angle, the direction of the jet, either backward or forward, governs the deflection of the flow. Higher pressures are recorded for a backward directed jet compared with a forward directed jet for supplementary angles.