TY - JOUR
T1 - Fuel cell electric vehicle as a power plant
T2 - Fully renewable integrated transport and energy system design and analysis for smart city areas
AU - Oldenbroek, Vincent
AU - Verhoef, Leendert
AU - van Wijk, Ad
N1 - Accepted Author Manuscript
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - Reliable and affordable future zero emission power, heat and transport systems require efficient and versatile energy storage and distribution systems. This paper answers the question whether for city areas, solar and wind electricity together with fuel cell electric vehicles as energy generators and distributors and hydrogen as energy carrier, can provide a 100% renewable, reliable and cost effective energy system, for power, heat, and transport. A smart city area is designed and dimensioned based on European statistics. Technological and cost data is collected of all system components, using existing technologies and well-documented projections, for a Near Future and Mid Century scenario. An energy balance and cost analysis is performed. The smart city area can be balanced requiring 20% of the car fleet to be fuel cell vehicles in a Mid Century scenario. The system levelized cost in the Mid Century scenario is 0.09 €/kWh for electricity, 2.4 €/kg for hydrogen and specific energy cost for passenger cars is 0.02 €/km. These results compare favorably with other studies describing fully renewable power, heat and transport systems.
AB - Reliable and affordable future zero emission power, heat and transport systems require efficient and versatile energy storage and distribution systems. This paper answers the question whether for city areas, solar and wind electricity together with fuel cell electric vehicles as energy generators and distributors and hydrogen as energy carrier, can provide a 100% renewable, reliable and cost effective energy system, for power, heat, and transport. A smart city area is designed and dimensioned based on European statistics. Technological and cost data is collected of all system components, using existing technologies and well-documented projections, for a Near Future and Mid Century scenario. An energy balance and cost analysis is performed. The smart city area can be balanced requiring 20% of the car fleet to be fuel cell vehicles in a Mid Century scenario. The system levelized cost in the Mid Century scenario is 0.09 €/kWh for electricity, 2.4 €/kg for hydrogen and specific energy cost for passenger cars is 0.02 €/km. These results compare favorably with other studies describing fully renewable power, heat and transport systems.
KW - Smart city
KW - Fuel cell electric vehicle
KW - Vehicle-to-grid
KW - Hydrogen production
KW - Energy analysis
KW - Cost analysis
UR - http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:a825f9c1-725b-4dc3-8745-25399b424c9d
U2 - 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.155
DO - 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.155
M3 - Article
SN - 0360-3199
VL - 42
SP - 8166
EP - 8196
JO - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
JF - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
IS - 12
ER -