How Testing Impacts Willingness to Use and Share Autonomous Shuttles with Strangers: The Mediating Effects of Trust and Optimism

This study investigates acceptance of shared autonomous shuttles (SASs) in a suburban area. A model where contextual variables were mediated through trust in SASs and technology optimism was tested. We examined intentions to use SASs without a steward and the significance of social distancing. Data were collected at the start and end of a 2020–2021 pilot involving 922 and 608 participants respectively, operating at SAE level 3. Findings indicate that trust and technological optimism significantly influence the willingness to use SASs, though contextual variables show minimal impact. Older adults and women displayed lower trust and optimism, reducing their usage intentions. These two groups also feel that it is more important to be able to keep social distance while riding SASs. The study suggests that future pilots should avoid negative impacts from using immature technology and address the social needs of specific groups.