Indium Reduction in Bifacial Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells with MoO_x Hole Collector

Reducing indium consumption in transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layers is crucial for mass production of silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. In this contribution, optical simulation-assisted design and optimization of SHJ solar cells featuring MoO_x hole collectors with ultra-thin TCO layers is performed. Firstly, bifacial SHJ solar cells with MoO_x as the hole transport layer (HTL) and three types of n-contact as electron transport layer (ETL) are fabricated with 50 nm thick ITO on both sides. It is found that bilayer (nc-Si:H/a-Si:H) and trilayer (nc-SiO_x:H/nc-Si:H/a-Si:H) as n-contacts performed electronically and optically better than monolayer (a-Si:H) in bifacial SHJ cells, respectively. Then, as suggested by optical simulations, the same stack of tungsten-doped indium oxide (IWO) and optimized MgF₂ layers are applied on both sides of front/back-contacted SHJ solar cells. Devices endowed with 10 nm thick IWO and bilayer n-contact exhibit a certified efficiency of 21.66% and 20.66% when measured from MoO_x and n-contact side, respectively. Specifically, when illuminating from the MoO_x side, the short-circuit current density and the fill factor remain well above 40 mA cm⁻² and 77%, respectively. Compared to standard front/rear TCO thicknesses (75 nm/150 nm) deployed in monofacial SHJ solar cells, this represents over 90% TCO reduction. As for bifacial cells featuring 50 nm thick IWO layers, a champion device with a bilayer n-contact as ETL is obtained, which exhibits certified conversion efficiency of 23.25% and 22.75% when characterized from the MoO_x side and the n-layer side, respectively, with a bifaciality factor of 0.98. In general, by utilizing a n-type bilayer stack, bifaciality factor is above 0.96 and it can be further enhanced up to 0.99 by switching to a n-type trilayer stack. Again, compared to the aforementioned standard front/rear TCO thicknesses, this translates to a TCO reduction of more than 67%.