Instrument and technology constituencies in the governance of urban transport

Sustainable urban transport is a complex challenge requiring innovation in technologies, culture, and policies. However, the relatively weak conceptualisation of agency in the transitions literature limits the usefulness of this approach for the governance of urban transport. The objective of this chapter is to contribute to the conceptualisation of agency in the multilevel perspective of sustainability transitions. We propose that two types of actors exercise agency to foster innovation: technology constituencies, which promote the adoption of specific technologies by citizens, businesses, or governments, and instrument constituencies, which promote the adoption of specific policy instruments. We posit that the two constitute distinct, albeit possibly overlapping, actors and that their relationships help better understand and explain how innovations evolve. We discuss the implications of this distinction for the governance of urban transport and argue that the presence of instrument and technology constituencies, and their relationships, should be examined more closely in future research.