Intermodal freight transport networks under uncertainty: Examples in/from mainports in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands, the main port Rotterdam, is confronted with a steady growth in total volume, mostly resulting in a direct increase of the road transport; the resulting road congestion led to various initiatives increasing the share of transport over water and rail. Overall, this intermodal situation is vulnerable to many sources of uncertainty, ranging from relatively common, low impact events, to relatively rare, high impact events.