Interphase Design for Lithium-Metal Anodes

Electrode–electrolyte interphases are critical determinants of the reversibility and longevity of lithium (Li)-metal batteries (LMBs). However, upon cycling, the inherently delicate interphases, formed from electrolyte decomposition, become vulnerable to chemomechanical degradation and corrosion, resulting in rapid capacity loss and thus short battery life. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the complex interplay between the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of interphases on Li-metal anodes, providing insights into interphase design to address these challenges. Direct measurements of ion-transport kinetics across various electrolyte chemistries reveal that interphases with high Li-ion mobility are essential for achieving dense Li deposits. Conversely, sluggish ion transport generates high-surface-area Li deposits that induce Li random stripping and the accumulation of isolated Li deposits. Surprisingly, interphases that support long cycle life do not necessarily require the formation of dense Li deposits but must avoid possible electrochemical/chemical reactions between the Li-metal deposits and electrolytes’ components. By that, in some specific electrolyte systems, isolated Li deposits can recover and electrically rejoin the active Li anodes’ mass. These findings challenge conventional understanding and establish new principles for designing durable LMBs, demonstrating that even with commercial carbonate-based electrolytes, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2||Cu cells can achieve high reversibility.