Investigating the Requirements for the ISO 19152 LADM Survey Encodings

The ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), focuses on standardised modelling of land information at the conceptual level, and together with LADM’s three main packages, it has a dedicated sub package for Spatial and Surveying representation. The first edition of the standard provides multiple spatial representations, and a rather generic survey model based on the ISO 19156:2011 Observations and Measurement Standard (O&M).
As an ISO standard, the LADM is subject to periodic revision, and currently, its revision is ongoing and among other refinements, the enhanced support of the surveying model, both at conceptual and implementation level is expected. In this scene, in order for LADM to support a broad range in surveying and data acquisition approaches and accuracies, a refinement is ongoing considering the recent evolution of technology and the encodings used in practice.
Therefore, a refined survey model has been prepared and is included at the New Working Item Proposal for LADM Edition II – Part 2, with various data acquisition techniques, as presented in this paper. Based on it and on the experience and requirements from the industry and the standardization organisations, this paper presents the requirements that encoding formats should fulfill to support the revised surveying model.