Investigation on simultaneous energy harvesting and visible light communication using commercial c-Si PV cells: Bandwidth characterization under colored LEDs

Visible light communication (VLC) is a promising complement considering the rising radio frequency spectrum congestion. However, photodiode receivers degrade rapidly under high ambient light (>200 W/m²). Photovoltaic (PV) cells, designed for outdoor applications, offer an effective alternative. This work studies the fundamental relationship between various LEDs and seven commercial crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV cell architectures to assess simultaneous energy harvesting and communication. The results reveal that increased PV output inversely affects bandwidth. The impact of PV cell architecture on bandwidth is mainly due to bulk doping concentration and metallization design. Higher doping reduces bandwidth at short circuit but increases it at higher operating voltages. At the transmitter end, higher irradiance levels enhance communication, but this effect is minimal at the PV maximum power point (MPP). Additionally, LED color has a negligible impact on PV cell bandwidth. The highest bandwidth is 215 kHz for Al-BSF(5”) under short-circuit, while the lowest is 0.1 kHz for SHJ at MPP. Among the tested c-Si PV architectures, Al-BSF cells exhibit the best communication stability – from 100 kHz to 10 kHz, while SHJ shows the worst – from 100 kHz to 0.1 kHz. TOPCon demonstrates the optimal balance between energy harvesting and communication for Pareto optimality.