Just Feeling the Force: Just Noticeable Difference for Asymmetric Vibrations

Dirk Van Baelen; Joost Ellerbroek; M. M. Van Paassen; David A. Abbink; Max Mulder

doi:10.1109/ICHMS49158.2020.9209492

Just Feeling the Force: Just Noticeable Difference for Asymmetric Vibrations

Dirk Van Baelen, Joost Ellerbroek, M. M. Van Paassen, David A. Abbink, Max Mulder

Research output: Chapter in Book/Conference proceedings/Edited volume › Conference contribution › Scientific › peer-review

5 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Previous research showed that haptic feedback, in the form of asymmetric vibrations, can be used to provide directional cues to the operator in a laboratory setting. Nevertheless, it is unclear how these vibrations should be designed for pilots controlling their aircraft using a side-stick. This paper aims to determine the magnitude and shape for which vibrations can still be perceived as directional cues, for one fixed frequency based on literature. The threshold magnitude of two forcing function shapes (triangular and saw tooth) was determined for both pulling and pushing cues in a just-noticeable-difference experiment. Participants were asked to report the direction at varying input magnitudes while exerting different offset force levels on the stick at different positions. Results confirmed all hypotheses: They indicated a lower perception threshold for the asymmetric saw tooth shaped vibration compared to a triangular shaped; higher offset force decreased the threshold in the opposite direction; and stick position had no effect on the obtained thresholds. Based on the experiment we advise to use saw tooth vibrations with an amplitude higher than 0.094 Nm.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020
Editors	Giancarlo Fortino, Fei-Yue Wang, Andreas Nurnberger, David Kaber, Rino Falcone, David Mendonca, Zhiwen Yu, Antonio Guerrieri
Publisher	IEEE
Number of pages	6
ISBN (Electronic)	9781728158716
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/ICHMS49158.2020.9209492
Publication status	Published - 2020
Event	1st IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020 - Virtual, Rome, Italy Duration: 7 Sept 2020 → 9 Sept 2020

Publication series

Name	Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020

Conference

Conference	1st IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020
Country/Territory	Italy
City	Virtual, Rome
Period	7/09/20 → 9/09/20

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10.1109/ICHMS49158.2020.9209492

Cite this

Baelen, D. V., Ellerbroek, J., Van Paassen, M. M., Abbink, D. A., & Mulder, M. (2020). Just Feeling the Force: Just Noticeable Difference for Asymmetric Vibrations. In G. Fortino, F.-Y. Wang, A. Nurnberger, D. Kaber, R. Falcone, D. Mendonca, Z. Yu, & A. Guerrieri (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020 Article 9209492 (Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICHMS49158.2020.9209492

Baelen, Dirk Van ; Ellerbroek, Joost ; Van Paassen, M. M. et al. / Just Feeling the Force : Just Noticeable Difference for Asymmetric Vibrations. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020. editor / Giancarlo Fortino ; Fei-Yue Wang ; Andreas Nurnberger ; David Kaber ; Rino Falcone ; David Mendonca ; Zhiwen Yu ; Antonio Guerrieri. IEEE, 2020. (Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020).

@inproceedings{dbb5ef825f5a44c2b114994d10531ff9,

title = "Just Feeling the Force: Just Noticeable Difference for Asymmetric Vibrations",

abstract = "Previous research showed that haptic feedback, in the form of asymmetric vibrations, can be used to provide directional cues to the operator in a laboratory setting. Nevertheless, it is unclear how these vibrations should be designed for pilots controlling their aircraft using a side-stick. This paper aims to determine the magnitude and shape for which vibrations can still be perceived as directional cues, for one fixed frequency based on literature. The threshold magnitude of two forcing function shapes (triangular and saw tooth) was determined for both pulling and pushing cues in a just-noticeable-difference experiment. Participants were asked to report the direction at varying input magnitudes while exerting different offset force levels on the stick at different positions. Results confirmed all hypotheses: They indicated a lower perception threshold for the asymmetric saw tooth shaped vibration compared to a triangular shaped; higher offset force decreased the threshold in the opposite direction; and stick position had no effect on the obtained thresholds. Based on the experiment we advise to use saw tooth vibrations with an amplitude higher than 0.094 Nm. ",

author = "Baelen, {Dirk Van} and Joost Ellerbroek and {Van Paassen}, {M. M.} and Abbink, {David A.} and Max Mulder",

year = "2020",

doi = "10.1109/ICHMS49158.2020.9209492",

language = "English",

series = "Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020",

publisher = "IEEE",

editor = "Giancarlo Fortino and Fei-Yue Wang and Andreas Nurnberger and David Kaber and Rino Falcone and David Mendonca and Zhiwen Yu and Antonio Guerrieri",

booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020",

address = "United States",

note = "1st IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020 ; Conference date: 07-09-2020 Through 09-09-2020",

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Baelen, DV , Ellerbroek, J , Van Paassen, MM , Abbink, DA & Mulder, M 2020, Just Feeling the Force: Just Noticeable Difference for Asymmetric Vibrations. in G Fortino, F-Y Wang, A Nurnberger, D Kaber, R Falcone, D Mendonca, Z Yu & A Guerrieri (eds), Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020., 9209492, Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020, IEEE, 1st IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020, Virtual, Rome, Italy, 7/09/20. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICHMS49158.2020.9209492

Just Feeling the Force: Just Noticeable Difference for Asymmetric Vibrations. / Baelen, Dirk Van ; Ellerbroek, Joost ; Van Paassen, M. M. et al.
Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020. ed. / Giancarlo Fortino; Fei-Yue Wang; Andreas Nurnberger; David Kaber; Rino Falcone; David Mendonca; Zhiwen Yu; Antonio Guerrieri. IEEE, 2020. 9209492 (Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020).

Research output: Chapter in Book/Conference proceedings/Edited volume › Conference contribution › Scientific › peer-review

TY - GEN

T1 - Just Feeling the Force

T2 - 1st IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020

AU - Baelen, Dirk Van

AU - Ellerbroek, Joost

AU - Van Paassen, M. M.

AU - Abbink, David A.

AU - Mulder, Max

PY - 2020

Y1 - 2020

N2 - Previous research showed that haptic feedback, in the form of asymmetric vibrations, can be used to provide directional cues to the operator in a laboratory setting. Nevertheless, it is unclear how these vibrations should be designed for pilots controlling their aircraft using a side-stick. This paper aims to determine the magnitude and shape for which vibrations can still be perceived as directional cues, for one fixed frequency based on literature. The threshold magnitude of two forcing function shapes (triangular and saw tooth) was determined for both pulling and pushing cues in a just-noticeable-difference experiment. Participants were asked to report the direction at varying input magnitudes while exerting different offset force levels on the stick at different positions. Results confirmed all hypotheses: They indicated a lower perception threshold for the asymmetric saw tooth shaped vibration compared to a triangular shaped; higher offset force decreased the threshold in the opposite direction; and stick position had no effect on the obtained thresholds. Based on the experiment we advise to use saw tooth vibrations with an amplitude higher than 0.094 Nm.

AB - Previous research showed that haptic feedback, in the form of asymmetric vibrations, can be used to provide directional cues to the operator in a laboratory setting. Nevertheless, it is unclear how these vibrations should be designed for pilots controlling their aircraft using a side-stick. This paper aims to determine the magnitude and shape for which vibrations can still be perceived as directional cues, for one fixed frequency based on literature. The threshold magnitude of two forcing function shapes (triangular and saw tooth) was determined for both pulling and pushing cues in a just-noticeable-difference experiment. Participants were asked to report the direction at varying input magnitudes while exerting different offset force levels on the stick at different positions. Results confirmed all hypotheses: They indicated a lower perception threshold for the asymmetric saw tooth shaped vibration compared to a triangular shaped; higher offset force decreased the threshold in the opposite direction; and stick position had no effect on the obtained thresholds. Based on the experiment we advise to use saw tooth vibrations with an amplitude higher than 0.094 Nm.

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DO - 10.1109/ICHMS49158.2020.9209492

M3 - Conference contribution

T3 - Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020

BT - Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020

A2 - Fortino, Giancarlo

A2 - Wang, Fei-Yue

A2 - Nurnberger, Andreas

A2 - Kaber, David

A2 - Falcone, Rino

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A2 - Yu, Zhiwen

A2 - Guerrieri, Antonio

PB - IEEE

Y2 - 7 September 2020 through 9 September 2020

ER -

Baelen DV , Ellerbroek J , Van Paassen MM , Abbink DA , Mulder M. Just Feeling the Force: Just Noticeable Difference for Asymmetric Vibrations. In Fortino G, Wang FY, Nurnberger A, Kaber D, Falcone R, Mendonca D, Yu Z, Guerrieri A, editors, Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020. IEEE. 2020. 9209492. (Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, ICHMS 2020). doi: 10.1109/ICHMS49158.2020.9209492

Just Feeling the Force: Just Noticeable Difference for Asymmetric Vibrations

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