Lens-Based High-Sensitivity 5G MM-Wave Electromagnetic Field Sensors

L. Gottmer; H. Zhang; N. Llombart; M. Spirito

doi:10.23919/EuMC65286.2025.11235131

Lens-Based High-Sensitivity 5G MM-Wave Electromagnetic Field Sensors

L. Gottmer, H. Zhang, N. Llombart, M. Spirito

Research output: Chapter in Book/Conference proceedings/Edited volume › Conference contribution › Scientific › peer-review

Abstract

In this work, we present the development of a low-power and high-sensitivity electromagnetic field (EMF) sensor operating in the n258 FR2 band. The design of the sensor architecture and its sub-systems are discussed, and the sensor performance is characterised using over-the-air measurements. For the front end, a dual-polarised leaky-wave antenna feed is coupled to a dielectric lens and implemented in a multilayer PCB stack. The elliptical lens is 3D-printed using commercially available ABS. The back-end RF electronics are integrated on the same PCB to realise low-power direct down conversion sensing. The components include low noise amplifiers (LNA), digital step attenuators (DSA) and root-mean-square (RMS) detectors. An onboard 12-bit digitiser provides signal quantisation. The measured radiation patterns of the lens antenna agree well with the simulations with 17.18 dBi directivity. The responsivity is −57.7 dBm and the power consumption is about 0.6 W for a single polarisation.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	Proceedings of the 2025 55th European Microwave Conference (EuMC)
Publisher	IEEE
Pages	435-438
Number of pages	4
ISBN (Electronic)	978-2-87487-081-1
ISBN (Print)	979-8-3315-1260-6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.23919/EuMC65286.2025.11235131
Publication status	Published - 2025
Event	2025 55th European Microwave Conference (EuMC) - Utrecht, Netherlands Duration: 23 Sept 2025 → 25 Sept 2025

Conference

Conference	2025 55th European Microwave Conference (EuMC)
Country/Territory	Netherlands
City	Utrecht
Period	23/09/25 → 25/09/25

Bibliographical note

Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository as part of the Taverne amendment. More information about this copyright law amendment can be found at https://www.openaccess.nl. Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.

Keywords

RF-EMF sensor
leaky-wave feed
lens antenna
RMS sensor
mm-wave
5G

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10.23919/EuMC65286.2025.11235131

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Lens-Based_High-Sensitivity_5G_MM-Wave_Electromagnetic_Field_Sensors
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Embargo ends: 19/05/26

Cite this

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title = "Lens-Based High-Sensitivity 5G MM-Wave Electromagnetic Field Sensors",

abstract = "In this work, we present the development of a low-power and high-sensitivity electromagnetic field (EMF) sensor operating in the n258 FR2 band. The design of the sensor architecture and its sub-systems are discussed, and the sensor performance is characterised using over-the-air measurements. For the front end, a dual-polarised leaky-wave antenna feed is coupled to a dielectric lens and implemented in a multilayer PCB stack. The elliptical lens is 3D-printed using commercially available ABS. The back-end RF electronics are integrated on the same PCB to realise low-power direct down conversion sensing. The components include low noise amplifiers (LNA), digital step attenuators (DSA) and root-mean-square (RMS) detectors. An onboard 12-bit digitiser provides signal quantisation. The measured radiation patterns of the lens antenna agree well with the simulations with 17.18 dBi directivity. The responsivity is −57.7 dBm and the power consumption is about 0.6 W for a single polarisation.",

keywords = "RF-EMF sensor, leaky-wave feed, lens antenna, RMS sensor, mm-wave, 5G",

author = "L. Gottmer and H. Zhang and N. Llombart and M. Spirito",

note = "Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository as part of the Taverne amendment. More information about this copyright law amendment can be found at https://www.openaccess.nl. Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.; 2025 55th European Microwave Conference (EuMC) ; Conference date: 23-09-2025 Through 25-09-2025",

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doi = "10.23919/EuMC65286.2025.11235131",

language = "English",

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AU - Gottmer, L.

AU - Zhang, H.

AU - Llombart, N.

AU - Spirito, M.

N1 - Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository as part of the Taverne amendment. More information about this copyright law amendment can be found at https://www.openaccess.nl. Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - In this work, we present the development of a low-power and high-sensitivity electromagnetic field (EMF) sensor operating in the n258 FR2 band. The design of the sensor architecture and its sub-systems are discussed, and the sensor performance is characterised using over-the-air measurements. For the front end, a dual-polarised leaky-wave antenna feed is coupled to a dielectric lens and implemented in a multilayer PCB stack. The elliptical lens is 3D-printed using commercially available ABS. The back-end RF electronics are integrated on the same PCB to realise low-power direct down conversion sensing. The components include low noise amplifiers (LNA), digital step attenuators (DSA) and root-mean-square (RMS) detectors. An onboard 12-bit digitiser provides signal quantisation. The measured radiation patterns of the lens antenna agree well with the simulations with 17.18 dBi directivity. The responsivity is −57.7 dBm and the power consumption is about 0.6 W for a single polarisation.

AB - In this work, we present the development of a low-power and high-sensitivity electromagnetic field (EMF) sensor operating in the n258 FR2 band. The design of the sensor architecture and its sub-systems are discussed, and the sensor performance is characterised using over-the-air measurements. For the front end, a dual-polarised leaky-wave antenna feed is coupled to a dielectric lens and implemented in a multilayer PCB stack. The elliptical lens is 3D-printed using commercially available ABS. The back-end RF electronics are integrated on the same PCB to realise low-power direct down conversion sensing. The components include low noise amplifiers (LNA), digital step attenuators (DSA) and root-mean-square (RMS) detectors. An onboard 12-bit digitiser provides signal quantisation. The measured radiation patterns of the lens antenna agree well with the simulations with 17.18 dBi directivity. The responsivity is −57.7 dBm and the power consumption is about 0.6 W for a single polarisation.

KW - RF-EMF sensor

KW - leaky-wave feed

KW - lens antenna

KW - RMS sensor

KW - mm-wave

KW - 5G

U2 - 10.23919/EuMC65286.2025.11235131

DO - 10.23919/EuMC65286.2025.11235131

M3 - Conference contribution

SN - 979-8-3315-1260-6

SP - 435

EP - 438

BT - Proceedings of the 2025 55th European Microwave Conference (EuMC)

PB - IEEE

T2 - 2025 55th European Microwave Conference (EuMC)

Y2 - 23 September 2025 through 25 September 2025

ER -

Lens-Based High-Sensitivity 5G MM-Wave Electromagnetic Field Sensors

Abstract

Conference

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Keywords

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