Multi-criteria-decision-making framework using ecosystem-services for an integral design of vertical greenery systems

Vertical greenery systems (VGS) are recognized for providing a range of ecosystem services (ESS), including biodiversity enhancement, property value increase, and stormwater management. However, there are significant challenges in comparing VGS designs due to the lack of standardized metrics and the limited understanding of their integrated performance across multiple ESS. This study introduces a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model to assess and compare the full spectrum of ESS provided by VGS. Through an extensive literature search, VGS typologies, system components, and performance metrics were identified for ESS and synthesized. The application of the MCDM model was tested in a case study, showcasing its potential for improving decision-making and selection of VGS designs. Findings from the literature review stress a need for standardizing research methods, improving data quantification, and explaining and modelling ESS interactions. The study concludes that the MCDM framework supports context-specific evaluations, while further refinement is needed to reduce subjectivity and to include emerging ESS. These approaches are critical for advancing both research and practical applications in green infrastructure.