Numerical Study on Trailing-Edge Noise Attenuation using 3D-Printed Porous Insert

This manuscript presents a numerical investigation of an open-cell 3D-printed perme-able/porous insert used to reduce turbulent boundary layer-trailing edge (TBL-TE) noise. The matrix topology of the insert resembles the lattice of diamond atoms, and thus, it is also referred to as the diamond trailing edge (TE). The porous insert replaces the last 20 % of the chord of a NACA 0018 airfoil. The airfoil is set to zero angle of attack and the chord-based Reynolds number equals to 2.8 × 10 ⁵ . The geometrical details of the 3D-printed insert are replicated in the simulation to allow comparison with the corresponding experimental measurements. The diamond TE is found to reduce noise by up to 10 dB in the low frequency range. At higher frequencies however, the diamond TE causes a slight noise increase. Using a wake survey method, the porous insert is found to cause a minor drag increase compared to its solid counterpart. It is found that the diamond TE produces stronger surface pressure fluctuations, which would have resulted in higher noise intensity according to analytical models. However, by using a source localization method based on the vortex sound theory, it is observed that the increase in pressure fluctuations is primarily due to the exposed pores at the surface of the porous material, which is responsible for the high-frequency excess noise. These analyses also support the argument that a permeable TE produces different acoustic scattering characteristics with respect to the solid TE.