Optimizing Energy Management for Full-Electric Vessels: A Health-Aware Approach with Hydrogen and Diesel Employing Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy

The path to zero-emission shipping is deeply connected to full-electric vessels. One major challenge to enable this technology for broader application is the design of optimal energy management (EM). The flexibility of operating load sharing in hybrid energy systems could lead to suboptimal solutions using rule-based control. Advanced control strategies can be used to find optimal solutions for the EM problem. In addition, the use of advanced control allows for the incorporation of multiple objectives. An important compromise is the decision between minimizing cost and emissions. A promising approach for EM is the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS), which allows for instantaneous optimization of the problem and is suitable for dealing with fast system dynamics. The strategy assigns equivalent factors in the objective function, leading to an easily expandable multi-objective control approach.This paper presents a novel ECMS-based control strategy for health-aware EM of a full-electric vessel, incorporating diesel internal combustion engines, fuel cells, and batteries with flexible changing operation conditions. To this aim, firstly, we introduce our innovative formulation of the multi-objective problem, considering fuel and electricity expenditures and CO₂ and NO_x emissions, alongside the degradation of batteries and fuel cells. Subsequently, we determine the equivalent factors by employing a Pareto Front approach. Lastly, our developed controllers are assessed against a benchmark derived from state-of-the-art strategies. A case study of a full-electric vessel showcase the potential of our proposed solution. The results demonstrate the control's effectiveness in optimizing the operation considering a variety of objectives, such as fuel consumption or emission production, under variable operational conditions.