TY - JOUR
T1 - Osteogenic and antibacterial surfaces on additively manufactured porous Ti-6Al-4V implants
T2 - Combining silver nanoparticles with hydrothermally synthesized HA nanocrystals
AU - Fazel, Mohammad
AU - Salimijazi, Hamid R.
AU - Shamanian, Morteza
AU - Minneboo, Michelle
AU - Modaresifar, Khashayar
AU - van Hengel, Ingmar A.J.
AU - Fratila-Apachitei, Lidy E.
AU - Apachitei, Iulian
AU - Zadpoor, Amir A.
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - The recently developed additively manufacturing techniques have enabled the fabrication of porous biomaterials that mimic the characteristics of the native bone, thereby avoiding stress shielding and facilitating bony ingrowth. However, aseptic loosening and bacterial infection, as the leading causes of implant failure, need to be further addressed through surface biofunctionalization. Here, we used a combination of (1) plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) using Ca-, P-, and silver nanoparticle-rich electrolytes and (2) post-PEO hydrothermal treatments (HT) to furnish additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V porous implants with a multi-functional surface. The applied HT led to the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystals throughout the oxide layer. This process was controlled by the supersaturation of Ca2+ and PO43− during the hydrothermal process. Initially, the high local supersaturation resulted in homogenous nucleation of spindle-like nanocrystals throughout the surface. As the process continued, the depletion of reactant ions in the outermost surface layer led to a remarkable decrease in the supersaturation degrees. High aspect-ratio nanorods and hexagonal nanopillars were, therefore, created. The unique hierarchical structure of the microporous PEO layer (pore size < 3 μm) and spindle-like HA nanocrystals (<150 nm) on the surface of macro-porous additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V implants provided a favorable substrate for the anchorage of cytoplasmic extensions assisting cell attachment and migration on the surface. The results of our in vitro assays clearly showed the important benefits of the HT and the spindle-like HA nanocrystals including a significantly stronger and much more sustained antibacterial activity, significantly higher levels of pre-osteoblasts metabolic activity, and significantly higher levels of alkaline phosphatase activity as compared to similar PEO-treated implants lacking the HT.
AB - The recently developed additively manufacturing techniques have enabled the fabrication of porous biomaterials that mimic the characteristics of the native bone, thereby avoiding stress shielding and facilitating bony ingrowth. However, aseptic loosening and bacterial infection, as the leading causes of implant failure, need to be further addressed through surface biofunctionalization. Here, we used a combination of (1) plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) using Ca-, P-, and silver nanoparticle-rich electrolytes and (2) post-PEO hydrothermal treatments (HT) to furnish additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V porous implants with a multi-functional surface. The applied HT led to the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystals throughout the oxide layer. This process was controlled by the supersaturation of Ca2+ and PO43− during the hydrothermal process. Initially, the high local supersaturation resulted in homogenous nucleation of spindle-like nanocrystals throughout the surface. As the process continued, the depletion of reactant ions in the outermost surface layer led to a remarkable decrease in the supersaturation degrees. High aspect-ratio nanorods and hexagonal nanopillars were, therefore, created. The unique hierarchical structure of the microporous PEO layer (pore size < 3 μm) and spindle-like HA nanocrystals (<150 nm) on the surface of macro-porous additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V implants provided a favorable substrate for the anchorage of cytoplasmic extensions assisting cell attachment and migration on the surface. The results of our in vitro assays clearly showed the important benefits of the HT and the spindle-like HA nanocrystals including a significantly stronger and much more sustained antibacterial activity, significantly higher levels of pre-osteoblasts metabolic activity, and significantly higher levels of alkaline phosphatase activity as compared to similar PEO-treated implants lacking the HT.
KW - Additively manufacturing
KW - Hierarchical structure
KW - Hydrothermal treatment
KW - Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals
KW - Multifunctional surfaces
KW - Plasma electrolytic oxidation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85097146759&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111745
DO - 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111745
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85097146759
VL - 120
JO - Materials Science and Engineering C: Materials for Biological Applications (online)
JF - Materials Science and Engineering C: Materials for Biological Applications (online)
SN - 1873-0191
M1 - 111745
ER -