TY - JOUR
T1 - Passive versus active learning in operation and adaptive maintenance of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
AU - Baldi, Simone
AU - Zhang, Fan
AU - Le, Quang Thuan
AU - Endel, Petr
AU - Holub, Ondrej
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - In smart buildings, the models used for energy management and those used for maintenance scheduling differ in scope and structure: while the models for energy management describe continuous states (energy, temperature), the models used for maintenance scheduling describe only a few discrete states (healthy/faulty equipment, and fault typology). In addition, models for energy management typically assume the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) equipment to be healthy, whereas the models for maintenance scheduling are rarely human-centric, i.e. they do not take possible human factors (e.g. discomfort) into account. As a result, it is very difficult to integrate energy management and maintenance scheduling strategies in an efficient way. In this work, a holistic framework for energy-aware and comfort-driven maintenance is proposed: energy management and maintenance scheduling are integrated in the same optimization framework. Continuous and discrete states are embedded as hybrid dynamics of the system, while considering both continuous controls (for energy management) and discrete controls (for maintenance scheduling). To account for the need to estimate the equipment efficiency online, the solution to the problem is addressed via an adaptive dual control formulation. We show, via a zone-boiler-radiator simulator, that the best economic cost of the system is achieved by active learning strategies, in which control interacts with estimation (dual control design).
AB - In smart buildings, the models used for energy management and those used for maintenance scheduling differ in scope and structure: while the models for energy management describe continuous states (energy, temperature), the models used for maintenance scheduling describe only a few discrete states (healthy/faulty equipment, and fault typology). In addition, models for energy management typically assume the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) equipment to be healthy, whereas the models for maintenance scheduling are rarely human-centric, i.e. they do not take possible human factors (e.g. discomfort) into account. As a result, it is very difficult to integrate energy management and maintenance scheduling strategies in an efficient way. In this work, a holistic framework for energy-aware and comfort-driven maintenance is proposed: energy management and maintenance scheduling are integrated in the same optimization framework. Continuous and discrete states are embedded as hybrid dynamics of the system, while considering both continuous controls (for energy management) and discrete controls (for maintenance scheduling). To account for the need to estimate the equipment efficiency online, the solution to the problem is addressed via an adaptive dual control formulation. We show, via a zone-boiler-radiator simulator, that the best economic cost of the system is achieved by active learning strategies, in which control interacts with estimation (dual control design).
KW - Adaptive learning-based control
KW - Energy management
KW - Maintenance scheduling
KW - Smart buildings
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85068134927&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113478
DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113478
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85068134927
SN - 0306-2619
VL - 252
JO - Applied Energy
JF - Applied Energy
M1 - 113478
ER -