Pathways to Positive Energy Districts: A Comprehensive Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis Using Multi-Objective Optimization

Transitioning to Positive Energy Districts (PEDs) is essential for achieving carbon neutrality in urban areas by 2050. This study presents a multi-objective optimization framework that balances energy, environmental, and economic performance, addressing the diverse priorities of multiple stakeholders. The framework enhances PED design by systematically evaluating technical solutions, including renewable-based electrification, demand-side management (DSM), energy storage, and retrofitting. The framework is applied to the Usquare district in Brussels, Belgium, as a case study. The results indicate that expanding photovoltaic (PV) capacity is crucial for achieving PED targets, with renewable-based electrification potentially reducing carbon emissions by up to 79%. The incorporation of demand-side management (DSM) and battery storage improves system flexibility, reduces grid dependency, and enhances cost-effectiveness. Although slightly more costly, retrofitting existing buildings provides the most balanced approach, offering the lowest CO2 emissions and the highest self-consumption ratio. This study presents a comprehensive decision-making support framework for optimizing PED design and operation, offering practical guidance for urban energy planning and contributing to global efforts toward carbon neutrality.