TY - JOUR
T1 - Revealing internal flow behaviour in arc welding and additive manufacturing of metals
AU - Aucott, Lee
AU - Dong, Hongbiao
AU - Mirihanage, Wajira
AU - Atwood, Robert
AU - Kidess, Anton
AU - Gao, Shian
AU - Wen, Shuwen
AU - Marsden, John
AU - Feng, Shuo
AU - Tong, Mingming
AU - Connolley, Thomas
AU - Drakopoulos, Michael
AU - Kleijn, Chris R.
AU - Richardson, Ian M.
AU - Browne, David J.
AU - Mathiesen, Ragnvald H.
AU - Atkinson, Helen V.
PY - 2018
Y1 - 2018
N2 - Internal flow behaviour during melt-pool-based metal manufacturing remains unclear and hinders progression to process optimisation. In this contribution, we present direct time-resolved imaging of melt pool flow dynamics from a high-energy synchrotron radiation experiment. We track internal flow streams during arc welding of steel and measure instantaneous flow velocities ranging from 0.1 m s−1 to 0.5 m s−1. When the temperature-dependent surface tension coefficient is negative, bulk turbulence is the main flow mechanism and the critical velocity for surface turbulence is below the limits identified in previous theoretical studies. When the alloy exhibits a positive temperature-dependent surface tension coefficient, surface turbulence occurs and derisory oxides can be entrapped within the subsequent solid as result of higher flow velocities. The widely used arc welding and the emerging arc additive manufacturing routes can be optimised by controlling internal melt flow through adjusting surface active elements.
AB - Internal flow behaviour during melt-pool-based metal manufacturing remains unclear and hinders progression to process optimisation. In this contribution, we present direct time-resolved imaging of melt pool flow dynamics from a high-energy synchrotron radiation experiment. We track internal flow streams during arc welding of steel and measure instantaneous flow velocities ranging from 0.1 m s−1 to 0.5 m s−1. When the temperature-dependent surface tension coefficient is negative, bulk turbulence is the main flow mechanism and the critical velocity for surface turbulence is below the limits identified in previous theoretical studies. When the alloy exhibits a positive temperature-dependent surface tension coefficient, surface turbulence occurs and derisory oxides can be entrapped within the subsequent solid as result of higher flow velocities. The widely used arc welding and the emerging arc additive manufacturing routes can be optimised by controlling internal melt flow through adjusting surface active elements.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85058919191&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1038/s41467-018-07900-9
DO - 10.1038/s41467-018-07900-9
M3 - Article
C2 - 30575762
SN - 2041-1723
VL - 9
JO - Nature Communications
JF - Nature Communications
M1 - 5414
ER -