Scales of application of the WEF nexus approach

Water, energy, and food (WEF) systems form a complex interconnected network, operational at scales from the household up to the global. These scales, like the nexus sectors themselves, and mutually interconnected, with lower-level characteristics help drive higher-level resource management, and vice versa. This chapter highlights recent WEF nexus research at spatial scales from household, to national, and up to global. The studies demonstrate the vast diversity in nexus issues and challenges, along with a concomitant diversity of research and assessment approaches to tackling and better understanding these issues. This chapter closes with a discussion on interactions between the scales, and how policy developed at one scale may impact on other scales, potentially in unanticipated and detriment ways. The investigation into cross-spatial scalar nexus interactions is in its infancy and represents a promising avenue for future research effort. Another aspect not covered so far by research is the issue of differences in the temporal scale in the nexus, both in terms of policy setting and implementation and in terms of impacts to people. This chapter represents another major topic for future research to better guide, develop, and understand the impact of policy and climate change on nexus resources and livelihoods, and vice versa.