Sequential operation of residential energy hubs using physics-based economic nonlinear MPC

The operation of residential energy hubs with multiple energy carriers (electricity, heat, mobility) poses a significant challenge due to different carrier dynamics, hybrid storage coordination and high-dimensional action-spaces. Energy management systems oversee their operation, deciding the set points of the primary control layer. This paper presents a novel 2-stage economic model predictive controller for electrified buildings including physics-based models of the battery degradation and thermal systems. The hierarchical control operates in the Dutch sequential energy markets. In particular common assumptions regarding intra-day markets (auction and continuous-time) are discussed as well as the coupling of the different storage systems. The best control policy it is best to follow continuous time intra-day in the summer and the intra-day auction in the winter. This sequential operation comes at the expense of increased battery degradation. Lastly, under our controller, the realized short-term flexibility of the thermal energy storage is marginal compared to the flexibility delivered by stationary battery pack and electric vehicles with bidirectional charging.