Sustainable port innovations: Barriers and enablers for successful implementation

The research question was: "How can innovations make deep-sea ports more sustainable?" If we focus on innovations that might reduce environmental problems, we can make two observations:, it is especially those innovations that do not aim to improve a particular (part of) the port services that are able to reduce environmental problems, the remaining innovations can also reduce environmental problems, but only to a relatively limited extent. Innovations that could be successfully introduced on markets are: innovations that reduce the emissions from ships, transhipment equipment, and hinterland transport. From the point of view of product characteristics, user requirements, and innovation system, these innovations have the best performance and the most support from the actors involved.