The Effect of Salts on the CO₂ Reduction Product Distribution in an Aprotic Electrolyte

Electrochemical CO₂ reduction in non-aqueous solvents is promising due to the increased CO₂ solubility of organic-based electrolytes compared to aqueous electrolytes. Here the effect of nine different salts in propylene carbonate (PC) on the CO₂ reduction product distribution of polycrystalline Cu is investigated. Three different cations (tetraethylammonium (TEA), tetrabutylammonium (TBA), and tetrahexylammonium (THA)) and three different anions (chloride (Cl), tetrafluoroborate (BF₄), and hexafluorophosphate (PF₆)) were used. Chronoamperometry and in-situ FTIR measurements show that the size of the cation has a crucial role in the selectivity. A more hydrophobic surface is obtained when employing a larger cation with a weaker hydration shell. This stabilizes the CO₂⁻ radical and promotes the formation of ethylene. CO₂ reduction in 0.7 M THACl/PC shows the highest hydrocarbon formation. Lastly, we hypothesize that the hydrocarbon formation pathway is not through C−C coupling, as the CO solubility in PC is very high, but through the dimerization of the COH intermediate.