The Rhine River plume: Unravelling its dynamics and sea-level contributions

River plumes form when freshwater from rivers enters the salty ocean, creating buoyant water masses that strongly influence coastal circulation. By transporting freshwater, heat, nutrients, sediments and pollutants, they impact the ocean dynamics and ecosystems on local (10-100 km) and even (beyond) regional scales (>1000 km), depending on the size and dynamics of the plume. This thesis aims to improve our understanding of the Rhine River plume and its interactions with sea-level variations. The Rhine plume, located along the Dutch coast in the Southern North Sea, is highly dynamic system, influenced by tides and winds.
Chapter 2 investigates the variability of the wind-driven response of the Rhine River plume using numerical model simulations of a spring-neap cycle forced by idealized wind conditions. The difference in wind-driven response between spring and neap tide shows how the competition between straining and mixing, both induced by tides and winds, determines the structure and evolution of the Rhine River plume.
Chapter 3 examines the plume’s effect on sea-level variability along the Dutch coast by comparing barotropic and baroclinic model simulations. The Rhine plume induces a positive steric height anomaly, elevating the mean sea level along the coast and modulating the tidal signal near the river mouth. This highlights the need to include river plumes in sea-level studies.
In Chapters 4 and 5, an innovative method is developed for estimating sound speed profiles from multibeam echosounder measurements. The inversion method is based on minimizing the discrepancies between overlapping swaths and exploits empirical orthogonal functions to describe sound speed profiles using a limited number of unknowns. Since sound speed is influenced by depth, temperature, and salinity, this proof-of-concept provides a way to offer valuable insights into the vertical structure of the water column using routinely collected data.
Overall, this thesis advances our understanding of the Rhine River plume and its contribution to sea-level variability. In addition, the development of a proof-of-concept for retrieving sound speed profiles from multibeam echosounder measurements offers a promising approach to provide valuable information on stratification in river plumes. Together, these contributions support improved modelling and understanding of coastal oceans, particularly river plumes, which will become more and more important, especially in the face of climate change and its impact on coastal regions.