Thermal Evaporation for Perovskite Films and Photovoltaic Devices

For centuries, society has relied on fossil fuels for development, leading to the problem of global warming and significant environmental changes. To address these environmental issues, cleaner and more cost-effective energy productions are required. Solar energy, harnessed through well-developed photovoltaic (PV) technology, offers a promising solution. In the PV research field, perovskite (PVK)-based devices offer a feasible processing and have exhibited a fast increase in efficiency. Despite advancements in both the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells, there still is a long way to go towards industrialization due to the formation of pinholes during large area film deposition, nonuniformity, and poor reproducibility. Thermal evaporation technology has shown potential for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells, owing to its compatibility with large areas and textured substrates. In this thesis, we focused on the sequential thermal evaporation of perovskite. Through this approach, post-annealing and precursor mixing processes were investigated. Additionally, crystal orientation was tuned by applying different intermediate annealing temperatures. The optimized process was then applied to upscale both absorber films and cells from 0.09 cm2 to 1 cm2...