@article{20ed880a2dc44bffb3c04bbbf2961366,
title = "Three-dimensional dense distributed temperature sensing for measuring layered thermohaline systems",
abstract = "Distributed temperature sensing has proven a useful technique for geoscientists to obtain spatially distributed temperature data. When studies require high-resolution temperature data in three spatial dimensions, current practices to enhance the spatial resolution do not suffice. For example, double-diffusive phenomena induce sharp and small-scale temperature patterns in water bodies subject to thermohaline gradients. This article presents a novel approach for a 3-D dense distributed temperature sensing setup, the design of which can be customized to the required spatial resolution in each dimension. Temperature is measured along fiber-optic cables that can be arranged as needed. In this case, we built a dense cage of very thin (1.6 mm) cables to ensure that interference with flow patterns was minimal. Application in water bodies with double-diffusion-induced sharp temperature gradients shows that the setup is well able to capture small-scale temperature patterns and even detects small unsuspected seeps and potential salt-fingers. However, the potential effect of the setup on the flow patterns requires further study.",
keywords = "fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing, boil seepage, enhanced-resolution DTS, thermohaline stratification, double-diffusion, Raman scattering",
author = "Koen Hilgersom and {van de Giesen}, Nick and {de Louw}, PGB and Marcel Zijlema",
year = "2016",
month = aug,
day = "27",
doi = "10.1002/2016WR019119",
language = "English",
volume = "52",
pages = "6656–6670",
journal = "Water Resources Research",
issn = "0043-1397",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "8",
}