Towards the long term implementation of real time control of combined sewer systems: A review of performance and influencing factors

Real Time Control (RTC) is widely accepted as a cost-effective way to operate urban drainage systems (UDS) effectively. However, what factors influence RTC efficacy and how this might change in the long term remains largely unknown. This paper reviews the literature to understand what these factors likely are, and how they can be assessed in the future. Despite decades of research, inconsistent definitions of the performance of RTC are used, hindering an objective and quantitative examination of the benefits and drawbacks of different control strategies with regard to their performance and robustness. Furthermore, a discussion on the changes occurring and projected to occur to UDS reveals that the potential impact of these changes on the functioning of RTC systems can be significant and should be considered in the design stage of the RTC strategy. Understanding this 'best-before' characteristic of an RTC strategy is the key step to ensure long term optimal functioning of the UDS. Additionally, unexplored potential for RTC systems might exist in the transitions, rehabilitation and construction of drainage systems. The research gaps highlighted here could guide the way for further development of RTC strategies, and enabling more optimal, long term implementation of RTC for urban drainage systems.