Two-echelon multi-commodity multimodal vehicle routing problem considering user heterogeneity in city logistics

The considerable increase in parcel deliveries has negatively impacted the accessibility and livability of cities. One solution strategy is to decouple short-distance from long-distance shipping so that last-mile transport can be performed with low-footprint vehicles. Such solutions are referred to in the literature as multi-echelon distribution systems. This study introduced a new variant of the two-echelon vehicle routing problem that considers multiple alternative transport modes as well as multiple commodities over a multi-period time horizon, where customers can obtain their commodities from any store. We referred to this problem as the two-echelon multi-commodity multimodal vehicle routing problem (MCM-2E-VRP). The objective of service providers is to minimize total generalized costs while satisfying customer requirements. We formulated this as a mathematical model based on a space–time network and introduced a random utility discrete choice model to capture variations in performance and preferences. We developed an adaptive large-neighborhood search (ALNS) algorithm to provide solutions for newly generated MCM-2E-VRP instances based on the Beijing Yizhuang transportation network. Extensive numerical experiments were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm. A sensitivity analysis revealed some policy-relevant findings regarding the effects of store distribution and vehicle capacity.