TY - JOUR
T1 - Wave overtopping discharges at rubble mound breakwaters including effects of a crest wall and a berm
AU - van Gent, Marcel R.A.
AU - Wolters, Guido
AU - Capel, Alex
PY - 2022
Y1 - 2022
N2 - Physical model tests have been performed to study wave overtopping at rubble mound breakwaters, including breakwaters with a crest wall, breakwaters with a berm, and breakwaters with a crest wall and a berm. For rubble mound structures with a protruding crest wall or with a stable berm, limited information is available in literature even though protruding crest walls and berms clearly affect wave overtopping discharges. Adding a crest wall to an existing structure, increasing the height of a crest wall, adding a berm, or increasing the width or height of a berm, can be effective measures to account for effects of sea level rise if the sea level rise appears to be more severe than the amount of sea level rise for which the structure was designed for. The present wave flume tests were used to develop guidelines for rubble mound breakwaters, including breakwaters with a crest wall or with a berm. The relative height of the protruding part of a crest wall dominates the effect of a crest wall. The berm width, berm level and wave steepness all affect the influence of a berm on the wave overtopping discharge. Moreover, it was confirmed that the wave steepness also affects wave overtopping discharges for rubble mound breakwaters without a berm or without a crest wall. The developed set of expressions for rubble mound structures has also been validated based on existing data for oblique wave attack on rubble mound breakwaters with a crest wall.
AB - Physical model tests have been performed to study wave overtopping at rubble mound breakwaters, including breakwaters with a crest wall, breakwaters with a berm, and breakwaters with a crest wall and a berm. For rubble mound structures with a protruding crest wall or with a stable berm, limited information is available in literature even though protruding crest walls and berms clearly affect wave overtopping discharges. Adding a crest wall to an existing structure, increasing the height of a crest wall, adding a berm, or increasing the width or height of a berm, can be effective measures to account for effects of sea level rise if the sea level rise appears to be more severe than the amount of sea level rise for which the structure was designed for. The present wave flume tests were used to develop guidelines for rubble mound breakwaters, including breakwaters with a crest wall or with a berm. The relative height of the protruding part of a crest wall dominates the effect of a crest wall. The berm width, berm level and wave steepness all affect the influence of a berm on the wave overtopping discharge. Moreover, it was confirmed that the wave steepness also affects wave overtopping discharges for rubble mound breakwaters without a berm or without a crest wall. The developed set of expressions for rubble mound structures has also been validated based on existing data for oblique wave attack on rubble mound breakwaters with a crest wall.
KW - Berm
KW - Coastal structures
KW - Crest wall
KW - Design guidelines
KW - Oblique waves
KW - Physical model tests
KW - Roughness
KW - Rubble mound breakwaters
KW - Wave overtopping
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85131425861&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2022.104151
DO - 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2022.104151
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85131425861
SN - 0378-3839
VL - 176
JO - Coastal Engineering
JF - Coastal Engineering
M1 - 104151
ER -