TY - JOUR
T1 - Wind farm control for wake-loss compensation, thrust balancing and load-limiting of turbines
AU - Gonzalez Silva, Jean
AU - Ferrari, Riccardo
AU - van Wingerden, Jan Willem
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - As renewable energy sources such as wind farms become dominant, new challenges emerge for operating and controlling them. Traditionally, wind farm control aims to dispatch power set-points to individual turbines to maximize energy extraction and, thus, their usage as assets. Yet, grid balance and frequency support are fundamental in presence of high renewable penetration and volatility of energy prices and demand. This requires a paradigm change, moving from power maximization to revenue maximization. In this paper, three active power control strategies pushing this shift of paradigm are investigated, namely: wake-loss compensation, thrust balancing, and load-limiting control. The findings of large eddy simulations of a reference wind farm show that wake-loss compensation indeed improves the power generation on waked wind farms, but at the price of increased structural loads on certain turbines. The addition of a thrust balancing can equalize the stresses of individual turbines and their wear in the long term, while still attaining the required power output at the farm level. Furthermore, load-limiting controllers could potentially aid by allowing maintenance to be scheduled in a single time window, thus reducing operation and maintenance costs.
AB - As renewable energy sources such as wind farms become dominant, new challenges emerge for operating and controlling them. Traditionally, wind farm control aims to dispatch power set-points to individual turbines to maximize energy extraction and, thus, their usage as assets. Yet, grid balance and frequency support are fundamental in presence of high renewable penetration and volatility of energy prices and demand. This requires a paradigm change, moving from power maximization to revenue maximization. In this paper, three active power control strategies pushing this shift of paradigm are investigated, namely: wake-loss compensation, thrust balancing, and load-limiting control. The findings of large eddy simulations of a reference wind farm show that wake-loss compensation indeed improves the power generation on waked wind farms, but at the price of increased structural loads on certain turbines. The addition of a thrust balancing can equalize the stresses of individual turbines and their wear in the long term, while still attaining the required power output at the farm level. Furthermore, load-limiting controllers could potentially aid by allowing maintenance to be scheduled in a single time window, thus reducing operation and maintenance costs.
KW - Active power control
KW - Integral control
KW - Reliability
KW - Thrust balance
KW - Wake effects
KW - Wind farm control
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85144836854&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.renene.2022.11.113
DO - 10.1016/j.renene.2022.11.113
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85144836854
VL - 203
SP - 421
EP - 433
JO - Renewable Energy
JF - Renewable Energy
SN - 0960-1481
ER -