%PDF-1.5
%
1 0 obj
<<
/Metadata 2 0 R
/Names 3 0 R
/OpenAction 4 0 R
/Outlines 5 0 R
/PageMode /UseNone
/Pages 6 0 R
/Type /Catalog
/ViewerPreferences <<
/FitWindow true
>>
>>
endobj
7 0 obj
<<
/Author (Georgios Archimidis Tsalidis and Gijsbert Korevaar)
/CreationDate (D:20191025192306+08'00')
/Creator (LaTeX with hyperref package)
/Keywords (social life cycle assessment; brine; process industry; magnesium; consequential approach)
/ModDate (D:20191205134420+01'00')
/PTEX.Fullbanner (This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.18 \(TeX Live 2017/W32TeX\) kpathsea version 6.2.3)
/Producer (pdfTeX-1.40.18)
/Subject <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>
/Title (Social Life Cycle Assessment of Brine Treatment in the Process Industry: A Consequential Approach Case Study)
/Trapped /False
>>
endobj
2 0 obj
<<
/Length 6381
/Subtype /XML
/Type /Metadata
>>
stream
application/pdf
Georgios Archimidis Tsalidis and Gijsbert Korevaar
Social life cycle assessment (SLCA) was developed to complement the environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) and economic assessment. Contrary to LCA, SLCA is not yet standardized, and the consequential approach is little discussed in literature. This study aims to perform a consequential SLCA and investigate the applicability of the method in industrial decision making. The aforementioned assessment is done within the Zero Brine project, which works on zero liquid discharge technology for water, salt, and magnesium recovery from brine effluents. The developed SLCA systems are gate-to-gate, and the analysis is performed at two levels: Hotspot and site-specific. The system boundaries consist of a demineralized water (DW) production company, a chlor–alkali company, an electricity provider, a magnesium distributor in the Netherlands, and a Russian mining company. The latter exists only in the boundaries before the change due to the Zero Brine project, because recovered magnesium is expected to replace the Russian magnesium imported in the Netherlands. Within the system boundaries, the stakeholders contributing the most are the DW and the magnesium distributor companies. The former produces the brine and thus recovers the magnesium and salt. The latter is the exclusive distributor of Russian magnesium in the Netherlands. Overall, we find that the recovered magnesium results in improving social performance mainly in “Freedom of association and collective bargaining”, “Fair salary”, and “Health and Safety” due to decreasing the dependency of the Netherlands on Russia, while increasing operation in a country with much stronger environmental regulation and corporate commitment to sustainability issues. Modelling with SLCA may not result in the expected societal benefits, as the Russian community and workers may not benefit due to the large geographical boundaries of the system under study. Nevertheless, the application of the consequential approach can be considered suitable, yet complicated, for offering decision makers adequate social information. We recommend that decision makers in the DW company invest in magnesium recovery and that decision makers in the magnesium distributor company distribute the recovered magnesium.
Social Life Cycle Assessment of Brine Treatment in the Process Industry: A Consequential Approach Case Study
2019-10-25T19:23:06+08:00
LaTeX with hyperref package
2019-12-05T13:44:20+01:00
2019-12-05T13:44:20+01:00
social life cycle assessment; brine; process industry; magnesium; consequential approach
pdfTeX-1.40.18
False
This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.18 (TeX Live 2017/W32TeX) kpathsea version 6.2.3
uuid:50b5710d-85a7-4bf4-aac1-792dbb9ad8bd
uuid:b65c1f32-f69b-4e2f-aae5-9d5d18413d1b
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<<
/Dests 8 0 R
>>
endobj
4 0 obj
<<
/D [9 0 R /FitH]
/S /GoTo
>>
endobj
5 0 obj
<<
/Count 10
/First 10 0 R
/Last 11 0 R
/Type /Outlines
>>
endobj
6 0 obj
<<
/Count 18
/Kids [12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R]
/Type /Pages
>>
endobj
8 0 obj
<<
/Kids [15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R]
/Limits [(Doc-Start) (table.caption.8)]
>>
endobj
9 0 obj
<<
/Annots [19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R]
/Contents [26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R]
/CropBox [0 0 595.276 841.89]
/MediaBox [0 0 595.276 841.89]
/Parent 12 0 R
/Resources 34 0 R
/Rotate 0
/Type /Page
>>
endobj
10 0 obj
<<
/A 35 0 R
/Next 36 0 R
/Parent 5 0 R
/Title
>>
endobj
11 0 obj
<<
/A 37 0 R
/Parent 5 0 R
/Prev 38 0 R
/Title
>>
endobj
12 0 obj
<<
/Count 7
/Kids [39 0 R 9 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R]
/Parent 6 0 R
/Type /Pages
>>
endobj
13 0 obj
<<
/Count 6
/Kids [45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R]
/Parent 6 0 R
/Type /Pages
>>
endobj
14 0 obj
<<
/Count 5
/Kids [51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R]
/Parent 6 0 R
/Type /Pages
>>
endobj
15 0 obj
<<
/Kids [56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R]
/Limits [(Doc-Start) (cite.B39-sustainability-486545)]
>>
endobj
16 0 obj
<<
/Kids [62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R]
/Limits [(cite.B4-sustainability-486545) (cite.B71-sustainability-486545)]
>>
endobj
17 0 obj
<<
/Kids [68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R]
/Limits [(cite.B72-sustainability-486545) (section.2)]
>>
endobj
18 0 obj
<<
/Kids [74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R]
/Limits [(section.3) (table.caption.8)]
>>
endobj
19 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/S /URI
/Type /Action
/URI (http://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability)
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 1]
/H /I
/Rect [75.539 757.64 218.639 793.648]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
20 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/S /URI
/Type /Action
/URI (http://www.mdpi.com)
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 1]
/H /I
/Rect [474.736 757.64 519.737 793.648]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
21 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/S /URI
/Type /Action
/URI (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0670-1751)
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 1]
/H /I
/Rect [215.812 640.347 226.875 654.01]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
22 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/S /URI
/Type /Action
/URI (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7429-680X)
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 1]
/H /I
/Rect [328.653 640.347 339.716 654.01]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
23 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/S /URI
/Type /Action
/URI (http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/21/5945?type=check_update&version=1)
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 1]
/H /I
/Rect [466.564 578.421 518.801 597.421]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
24 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/S /URI
/Type /Action
/URI (http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11215945)
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 1]
/H /I
/Rect [187.965 38.684 258.213 50.141]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
25 0 obj
<<
/A <<
/S /URI
/Type /Action
/URI (http://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability)
>>
/Border [0 0 0]
/C [0 1 1]
/H /I
/Rect [383.433 38.684 519.737 50.141]
/Subtype /Link
/Type /Annot
>>
endobj
26 0 obj
<<
/Length 467
/Filter /FlateDecode
>>
stream
HSK0W̱Eŭ@[&S{:i+*$T0coy#`Xg_aF
V)8|:#!)g$WH0u=gHP#=>Ma}G;:zֈh5CR&){A
}-eH2YeviA"%$*
|_`]Q~hIHU
r2lm2/>MC8+[ﻶnu!pm50GHن:Ц}o9G
>0j*?r?0?w+Fh$4IֺGcG+WoMgϋnzIs]ޗR"
DcK{,^vqo&<͋NPP9&6֍d]ujgq fS
[
(`"IG [e
endstream
endobj
27 0 obj
<<
/Length 681
/Filter /FlateDecode
>>
stream
HtT]o }ϯљj
{YUOb94S/ɶs+TZN4Hw>,nH*!cٵ$xi.`"i'Rir78O"δJH6FP|/ddW_ʮWNꩾ a2!(fk] ";r&Jn'9%V^ J!G[7|DFo9ׁDf,οq^0$Jvm,wM1K}i|hH"Vg"y?1^.H< Ρy%
R f (DԽ80tp !7vYX,w/ϭWyMk;K\Ws}%.)u3'*h `K ֓("t L1-9di`6_L'n訒Ȝד*W;N:%
'={mDž=7w]GHq|}K2i߽%b'ӊ+sGD̍8D~>@&ĭ 0M+vުwϏ_2);hcx&q)6k%ZC*Whw.CU#ՇèMI"u|(Qds2} ]b
endstream
endobj
28 0 obj
<<
/Length 652
/Filter /FlateDecode
>>
stream
HtTێ <i UUշF> ;l ;&THcPLXB&Ìg&L1ԥǬVOF>rJ^Ő%ҢI8e S]1^]""Hˊ"vטF.V}˃^F hq֘
OT`Rӳ4V.