TY - JOUR
T1 - In vitro co-culture models for the assessment of orthopedic antibacterial biomaterials
AU - Eijkel, B.I.M.
AU - Apachitei, I.
AU - Fratila-Apachitei, E.L.
AU - Zadpoor, A.A.
PY - 2024
Y1 - 2024
N2 - The antibacterial biofunctionality of bone implants is essential for the prevention and treatment of implant-associated infections (IAI). In vitro co-culture models are utilized to assess this and study bacteria-host cell interactions at the implant interface, aiding our understanding of biomaterial and the immune response against IAI without impeding the peri-implant bone tissue regeneration. This paper reviews existing co-culture models together with their characteristics, results, and clinical relevance. A total of 36 studies were found involving in vitro co-culture models between bacteria and osteogenic or immune cells at the interface with orthopedic antibacterial biomaterials. Most studies (∼67%) involved co-culture models of osteogenic cells and bacteria (osteo-bac), while 33% were co-culture models of immune cells and bacterial cells (im-bac). All models involve direct co-culture of two different cell types. The cell seeding sequence (simultaneous, bacteria-first, and cell-first) was used to mimic clinically relevant conditions and showed the greatest effect on the outcome for both types of co-culture models. The im-bac models are considered more relevant for early peri-implant infections, whereas the osteo-bac models suit late infections. The limitations of the current models and future directions to develop more relevant co-culture models to address specific research questions are also discussed.
AB - The antibacterial biofunctionality of bone implants is essential for the prevention and treatment of implant-associated infections (IAI). In vitro co-culture models are utilized to assess this and study bacteria-host cell interactions at the implant interface, aiding our understanding of biomaterial and the immune response against IAI without impeding the peri-implant bone tissue regeneration. This paper reviews existing co-culture models together with their characteristics, results, and clinical relevance. A total of 36 studies were found involving in vitro co-culture models between bacteria and osteogenic or immune cells at the interface with orthopedic antibacterial biomaterials. Most studies (∼67%) involved co-culture models of osteogenic cells and bacteria (osteo-bac), while 33% were co-culture models of immune cells and bacterial cells (im-bac). All models involve direct co-culture of two different cell types. The cell seeding sequence (simultaneous, bacteria-first, and cell-first) was used to mimic clinically relevant conditions and showed the greatest effect on the outcome for both types of co-culture models. The im-bac models are considered more relevant for early peri-implant infections, whereas the osteo-bac models suit late infections. The limitations of the current models and future directions to develop more relevant co-culture models to address specific research questions are also discussed.
KW - implant-associated infections
KW - antibacterial biomaterials
KW - in vitro co-culture models
KW - osteogenic cells
KW - immune cells
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85185223709&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1332771
DO - 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1332771
M3 - Review article
SN - 2296-4185
VL - 12
JO - Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
JF - Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
M1 - 1332771
ER -