Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions

Gregor J.G. Gluth; Xinyuan Ke; Anya Vollpracht; Lia Weiler; Susan A. Bernal; Martin Cyr; Katja Dombrowski-Daube; Dan Geddes; Marija Nedeljkovic; null More Authors

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94

Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions

Gregor J.G. Gluth^*, Xinyuan Ke, Anya Vollpracht, Lia Weiler, Susan A. Bernal, Martin Cyr, Katja Dombrowski-Daube, Dan Geddes, Marija Nedeljkovic, More Authors

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Materials and Environment

Research output: Chapter in Book/Conference proceedings/Edited volume › Chapter › Scientific › peer-review

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Abstract

The current ability to predict the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) is incomplete, partly because of widely varying AAM chemistries and variable testing conditions. To identify general correlations between mix design parameters and the carbonation rate of AAMs, RILEM TC 281-CCC Working Group 6 compiled and analysed carbonation data for alkali-activated concretes and mortars from the literature. For comparison purposes, data for blended Portland cement-based concretes with a high percentage of SCMs (≥66% of the binder) were also included in the database. The results show that the water/CaO ratio is not a reliable indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs. A better indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs under conditions approximating natural carbonation is their water/(CaO + MgO_eq + Na₂O_eq + K₂O_eq) ratio, where the index ‘eq’ indicates an equivalent amount based on molar masses. This finding can be explained by the CO₂ binding capacity of alkaline-earth and alkali metal ions; the obtained correlation also indicates an influence of the space-filling capability of the binding phases of AAMs, as for conventional cements. However, this ratio can serve only as an approximate indicator of carbonation resistance, as other parameters also affect the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated concretes. In addition, the analysis of the dataset revealed peculiarities of accelerated tests using elevated CO₂ concentrations for low-Ca AAMs, indicating that even at the relatively modest concentration of 1% CO₂, accelerated testing may lead to inaccurate predictions of their carbonation resistance under natural exposure conditions.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures
Subtitle of host publication	SynerCrete’23 - Volume 2
Publisher	Springer
Pages	1029-1037
Number of pages	9
Volume	44
ISBN (Electronic)	978-3-031-33187-9
ISBN (Print)	978-3-031-33186-2, 978-3-031-33189-3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94
Publication status	Published - 2023
Event	SynerCrete 2023 - The Milos Conference Center – George Eliopoulos, Adamantas, Greece Duration: 14 Jun 2023 → 15 Jun 2023 https://synercrete.com/

Publication series

Name	RILEM Bookseries
Publisher	Springer Cham
Volume	44
ISSN (Print)	2211-0844
ISSN (Electronic)	2211-0852

Conference

Conference	SynerCrete 2023
Country/Territory	Greece
City	Adamantas
Period	14/06/23 → 15/06/23
Internet address	https://synercrete.com/

Bibliographical note

Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care
Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.

Keywords

Accelerated testing
Alkali-activated materials
Carbonation
Durability
Pore structure

Access to Document

10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94

Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation ConditionsFinal published version, 339 KB

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Gluth, G. J. G., Ke, X., Vollpracht, A., Weiler, L., Bernal, S. A., Cyr, M., Dombrowski-Daube, K., Geddes, D., Nedeljkovic, M., & More Authors (2023). Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions. In International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures: SynerCrete’23 - Volume 2 (Vol. 44, pp. 1029-1037). (RILEM Bookseries; Vol. 44). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94

Gluth, Gregor J.G. ; Ke, Xinyuan ; Vollpracht, Anya et al. / Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes : Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions. International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures: SynerCrete’23 - Volume 2. Vol. 44 Springer, 2023. pp. 1029-1037 (RILEM Bookseries).

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abstract = "The current ability to predict the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) is incomplete, partly because of widely varying AAM chemistries and variable testing conditions. To identify general correlations between mix design parameters and the carbonation rate of AAMs, RILEM TC 281-CCC Working Group 6 compiled and analysed carbonation data for alkali-activated concretes and mortars from the literature. For comparison purposes, data for blended Portland cement-based concretes with a high percentage of SCMs (≥66% of the binder) were also included in the database. The results show that the water/CaO ratio is not a reliable indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs. A better indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs under conditions approximating natural carbonation is their water/(CaO + MgOeq + Na2Oeq + K2Oeq) ratio, where the index {\textquoteleft}eq{\textquoteright} indicates an equivalent amount based on molar masses. This finding can be explained by the CO2 binding capacity of alkaline-earth and alkali metal ions; the obtained correlation also indicates an influence of the space-filling capability of the binding phases of AAMs, as for conventional cements. However, this ratio can serve only as an approximate indicator of carbonation resistance, as other parameters also affect the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated concretes. In addition, the analysis of the dataset revealed peculiarities of accelerated tests using elevated CO2 concentrations for low-Ca AAMs, indicating that even at the relatively modest concentration of 1% CO2, accelerated testing may lead to inaccurate predictions of their carbonation resistance under natural exposure conditions.",

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note = "Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository {\textquoteleft}You share, we take care!{\textquoteright} – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.; SynerCrete 2023 ; Conference date: 14-06-2023 Through 15-06-2023",

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Gluth, GJG, Ke, X, Vollpracht, A, Weiler, L, Bernal, SA, Cyr, M, Dombrowski-Daube, K, Geddes, D, Nedeljkovic, M & More Authors 2023, Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions. in International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures: SynerCrete’23 - Volume 2. vol. 44, RILEM Bookseries, vol. 44, Springer, pp. 1029-1037, SynerCrete 2023, Adamantas, Greece, 14/06/23. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94

Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions. / Gluth, Gregor J.G.; Ke, Xinyuan; Vollpracht, Anya et al.
International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures: SynerCrete’23 - Volume 2. Vol. 44 Springer, 2023. p. 1029-1037 (RILEM Bookseries; Vol. 44).

Research output: Chapter in Book/Conference proceedings/Edited volume › Chapter › Scientific › peer-review

TY - CHAP

T1 - Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes

T2 - SynerCrete 2023

AU - Gluth, Gregor J.G.

AU - Ke, Xinyuan

AU - Vollpracht, Anya

AU - Weiler, Lia

AU - Bernal, Susan A.

AU - Cyr, Martin

AU - Dombrowski-Daube, Katja

AU - Geddes, Dan

AU - Nedeljkovic, Marija

AU - More Authors, null

N1 - Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - The current ability to predict the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) is incomplete, partly because of widely varying AAM chemistries and variable testing conditions. To identify general correlations between mix design parameters and the carbonation rate of AAMs, RILEM TC 281-CCC Working Group 6 compiled and analysed carbonation data for alkali-activated concretes and mortars from the literature. For comparison purposes, data for blended Portland cement-based concretes with a high percentage of SCMs (≥66% of the binder) were also included in the database. The results show that the water/CaO ratio is not a reliable indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs. A better indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs under conditions approximating natural carbonation is their water/(CaO + MgOeq + Na2Oeq + K2Oeq) ratio, where the index ‘eq’ indicates an equivalent amount based on molar masses. This finding can be explained by the CO2 binding capacity of alkaline-earth and alkali metal ions; the obtained correlation also indicates an influence of the space-filling capability of the binding phases of AAMs, as for conventional cements. However, this ratio can serve only as an approximate indicator of carbonation resistance, as other parameters also affect the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated concretes. In addition, the analysis of the dataset revealed peculiarities of accelerated tests using elevated CO2 concentrations for low-Ca AAMs, indicating that even at the relatively modest concentration of 1% CO2, accelerated testing may lead to inaccurate predictions of their carbonation resistance under natural exposure conditions.

AB - The current ability to predict the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) is incomplete, partly because of widely varying AAM chemistries and variable testing conditions. To identify general correlations between mix design parameters and the carbonation rate of AAMs, RILEM TC 281-CCC Working Group 6 compiled and analysed carbonation data for alkali-activated concretes and mortars from the literature. For comparison purposes, data for blended Portland cement-based concretes with a high percentage of SCMs (≥66% of the binder) were also included in the database. The results show that the water/CaO ratio is not a reliable indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs. A better indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs under conditions approximating natural carbonation is their water/(CaO + MgOeq + Na2Oeq + K2Oeq) ratio, where the index ‘eq’ indicates an equivalent amount based on molar masses. This finding can be explained by the CO2 binding capacity of alkaline-earth and alkali metal ions; the obtained correlation also indicates an influence of the space-filling capability of the binding phases of AAMs, as for conventional cements. However, this ratio can serve only as an approximate indicator of carbonation resistance, as other parameters also affect the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated concretes. In addition, the analysis of the dataset revealed peculiarities of accelerated tests using elevated CO2 concentrations for low-Ca AAMs, indicating that even at the relatively modest concentration of 1% CO2, accelerated testing may lead to inaccurate predictions of their carbonation resistance under natural exposure conditions.

KW - Accelerated testing

KW - Alkali-activated materials

KW - Carbonation

KW - Durability

KW - Pore structure

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Gluth GJG, Ke X, Vollpracht A, Weiler L, Bernal SA, Cyr M et al. Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions. In International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures: SynerCrete’23 - Volume 2. Vol. 44. Springer. 2023. p. 1029-1037. (RILEM Bookseries). doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94

Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions

Abstract

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Conference

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Keywords

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