Electrochemical CO₂ reduction on a copper foam electrode at elevated pressures

Electrochemical CO₂ reduction is a promising way of closing the carbon cycle while synthesizing useful commodity chemicals and fuels. One of the possible routes to scale up the process is CO₂ reduction at elevated pressure, as this is a way to increase the concentration of poorly soluble CO₂ in aqueous systems. Yet, not many studies focus on this route, owing to the inherent challenges with high-pressure systems, such as leaks, product quantification, and ease of operation. In this study, we use a high-pressure flow cell setup to investigate the impact of CO₂ pressure on the electrochemical performance of a copper foam electrode for CO₂ reduction within a pressure range of 1 to 25 bar. Our initial findings using a 0.5 M potassium bicarbonate (KHCO₃) electrolyte show a consistent improvement in selectivity towards CO₂ reduction products, with HCOOH being the dominant product. By conducting a systematic exploration of operating parameters including applied current density, applied CO₂ pressure, cation effect, and electrolyte concentration, the selectivity towards formate (HCOOH) is optimized, achieving a remarkable 70 % faradaic efficiency (FE) under moderate conditions of 25 bar in a 0.5 M cesium bicarbonate (CsHCO₃) electrolyte. Additionally, we report the synthesis of isopropanol with a FE of 11 % at the 25 bar in 0.5 M KHCO₃ which is the highest reported selectivity towards isopropanol on copper using a bicarbonate system.