A Cryo-CMOS DAC-based 40 Gb/s PAM4 Wireline Transmitter for Quantum Computing Applications

Niels Fakkel; Mohsen Mortazavi; Ramon Overwater; Fabio Sebastiano; Masoud Babaie

doi:10.1109/RFIC54547.2023.10186114

A Cryo-CMOS DAC-based 40 Gb/s PAM4 Wireline Transmitter for Quantum Computing Applications

Niels Fakkel, Mohsen Mortazavi, Ramon Overwater, Fabio Sebastiano, Masoud Babaie

Research output: Chapter in Book/Conference proceedings/Edited volume › Conference contribution › Scientific › peer-review

1 Citation (Scopus)

19 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

State-of-the-art quantum computers already comprise hundreds of cryogenic quantum bits (qubits), and prototypes with over 10k qubits are currently being developed. Such large-scale systems require local cryogenic electronics for qubit control and readout, leaving the digital controllers for algorithm execution and quantum error correction (QEC) at room temperature due to the limited cryogenic cooling budget. The entire process, including qubit readout, data transmission, QEC, and algorithm execution, should be completed well within the qubit decoherence time, thus requiring a low-power high-speed communication link between the cryogenic quantum processor and classical processor located at room temperature. To this end, this paper presents the first cryo-CMOS high-speed 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) wireline transmitter. Thanks to a power-efficient serializing architecture driving a 6-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC), the 40-nm CMOS chip achieves a data rate of 40 Gb/s PAM4 with an efficiency of 2.46pJ/b and a ratio of level mismatch (RLM) of 97.8% at 4.2 K. While demonstrating an energy efficiency comparable to state-of-the-art transmitters in more advanced CMOS nodes, the extremely wide temperature operating range (4.2 K - 300 K) will enable future large-scale quantum computers.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	2023 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC 2023
Editors	Jennifer Kitchen, Steven Turner
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Pages	257-260
Number of pages	4
ISBN (Electronic)	9798350321227
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/RFIC54547.2023.10186114
Publication status	Published - 2023
Event	2023 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC 2023 - San Diego, United States Duration: 11 Jun 2023 → 13 Jun 2023

Publication series

Name	Digest of Papers - IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium
Volume	2023-June
ISSN (Print)	1529-2517

Conference

Conference	2023 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC 2023
Country/Territory	United States
City	San Diego
Period	11/06/23 → 13/06/23

Bibliographical note

Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care
Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.

Keywords

Cryo-CMOS
high-speed DAC
quantum computing ICs
wireline transmitter

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1109/RFIC54547.2023.10186114

A_Cryo-CMOS_DAC-based_40_Gb_s_PAM4_Wireline_Transmitter_for_Quantum_Computing_ApplicationsFinal published version, 3.65 MB

Cite this

Fakkel, N., Mortazavi, M., Overwater, R., Sebastiano, F., & Babaie, M. (2023). A Cryo-CMOS DAC-based 40 Gb/s PAM4 Wireline Transmitter for Quantum Computing Applications. In J. Kitchen, & S. Turner (Eds.), 2023 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC 2023 (pp. 257-260). (Digest of Papers - IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium; Vol. 2023-June). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). https://doi.org/10.1109/RFIC54547.2023.10186114

Fakkel, Niels ; Mortazavi, Mohsen ; Overwater, Ramon et al. / A Cryo-CMOS DAC-based 40 Gb/s PAM4 Wireline Transmitter for Quantum Computing Applications. 2023 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC 2023. editor / Jennifer Kitchen ; Steven Turner. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023. pp. 257-260 (Digest of Papers - IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium).

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title = "A Cryo-CMOS DAC-based 40 Gb/s PAM4 Wireline Transmitter for Quantum Computing Applications",

abstract = "State-of-the-art quantum computers already comprise hundreds of cryogenic quantum bits (qubits), and prototypes with over 10k qubits are currently being developed. Such large-scale systems require local cryogenic electronics for qubit control and readout, leaving the digital controllers for algorithm execution and quantum error correction (QEC) at room temperature due to the limited cryogenic cooling budget. The entire process, including qubit readout, data transmission, QEC, and algorithm execution, should be completed well within the qubit decoherence time, thus requiring a low-power high-speed communication link between the cryogenic quantum processor and classical processor located at room temperature. To this end, this paper presents the first cryo-CMOS high-speed 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) wireline transmitter. Thanks to a power-efficient serializing architecture driving a 6-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC), the 40-nm CMOS chip achieves a data rate of 40 Gb/s PAM4 with an efficiency of 2.46pJ/b and a ratio of level mismatch (RLM) of 97.8% at 4.2 K. While demonstrating an energy efficiency comparable to state-of-the-art transmitters in more advanced CMOS nodes, the extremely wide temperature operating range (4.2 K - 300 K) will enable future large-scale quantum computers.",

keywords = "Cryo-CMOS, high-speed DAC, quantum computing ICs, wireline transmitter",

author = "Niels Fakkel and Mohsen Mortazavi and Ramon Overwater and Fabio Sebastiano and Masoud Babaie",

note = "Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository {\textquoteleft}You share, we take care!{\textquoteright} – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public. ; 2023 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC 2023 ; Conference date: 11-06-2023 Through 13-06-2023",

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Fakkel, N , Mortazavi, M, Overwater, R, Sebastiano, F & Babaie, M 2023, A Cryo-CMOS DAC-based 40 Gb/s PAM4 Wireline Transmitter for Quantum Computing Applications. in J Kitchen & S Turner (eds), 2023 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC 2023. Digest of Papers - IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, vol. 2023-June, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), pp. 257-260, 2023 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC 2023, San Diego, United States, 11/06/23. https://doi.org/10.1109/RFIC54547.2023.10186114

A Cryo-CMOS DAC-based 40 Gb/s PAM4 Wireline Transmitter for Quantum Computing Applications. / Fakkel, Niels ; Mortazavi, Mohsen; Overwater, Ramon et al.
2023 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC 2023. ed. / Jennifer Kitchen; Steven Turner. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023. p. 257-260 (Digest of Papers - IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium; Vol. 2023-June).

Research output: Chapter in Book/Conference proceedings/Edited volume › Conference contribution › Scientific › peer-review

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AU - Sebastiano, Fabio

AU - Babaie, Masoud

N1 - Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.

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AB - State-of-the-art quantum computers already comprise hundreds of cryogenic quantum bits (qubits), and prototypes with over 10k qubits are currently being developed. Such large-scale systems require local cryogenic electronics for qubit control and readout, leaving the digital controllers for algorithm execution and quantum error correction (QEC) at room temperature due to the limited cryogenic cooling budget. The entire process, including qubit readout, data transmission, QEC, and algorithm execution, should be completed well within the qubit decoherence time, thus requiring a low-power high-speed communication link between the cryogenic quantum processor and classical processor located at room temperature. To this end, this paper presents the first cryo-CMOS high-speed 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) wireline transmitter. Thanks to a power-efficient serializing architecture driving a 6-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC), the 40-nm CMOS chip achieves a data rate of 40 Gb/s PAM4 with an efficiency of 2.46pJ/b and a ratio of level mismatch (RLM) of 97.8% at 4.2 K. While demonstrating an energy efficiency comparable to state-of-the-art transmitters in more advanced CMOS nodes, the extremely wide temperature operating range (4.2 K - 300 K) will enable future large-scale quantum computers.

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Fakkel N , Mortazavi M, Overwater R, Sebastiano F , Babaie M. A Cryo-CMOS DAC-based 40 Gb/s PAM4 Wireline Transmitter for Quantum Computing Applications. In Kitchen J, Turner S, editors, 2023 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC 2023. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 2023. p. 257-260. (Digest of Papers - IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium). doi: 10.1109/RFIC54547.2023.10186114

A Cryo-CMOS DAC-based 40 Gb/s PAM4 Wireline Transmitter for Quantum Computing Applications

Abstract

Publication series

Conference

Bibliographical note

Keywords

UN SDGs

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