Nullor-based circuits for quantum technology

The purpose of this paper is to review and derive circuit models to support the synthesis of circuits and systems to be used for reading out devices based on quantum technology. In quantum technology, reading out devices is difficult; measuring may destroy the information stored in the quantum system. Optimal design can be achieved by signal processing circuits based on the nullor that, theoretically, do not extract power and thus energy from the system. Because of the nullator properties at the input of the nullor two-port and the norator properties of the output of the nullor, signals can be tapped from the quantum system without absorbing power from it; energy to do so is provided by external sources. Circuits based on the nullor are theoretically circuits for reading out signals from devices in quantumtimal circuits for reading out signals from devices in quantum systems and for processing this data afterwards. In the paper, basic sensing circuit concepts based on the nullor and their descriptions based on the chain-matrix (K-matrix) are presented. Some possible candidates for implementing the theoretical schemes are discussed, and as a possible application, a single-electron tunneling electrometer is described.