Quality of AM implants in biomedical application

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, particularly those based on powder bed fusion (PBF), most notably, selective laser melting (SLM) for metals, have in recent years emerged as unique fabrication methods for patient-specific implants made of metals and their alloys. The ability to manufacture complex geometries together with the other features of PBF has resulted in successful fabrication of previously unseen functional implants with reliable, reproducible, and predictable properties. The capability of SLM to manufacture a wide range of metals has made this process the most favored one in the manufacturing of implants, mostly for orthopedic applications. As such, it has received tremendous attention from both academia and industry to speed up the achievement of technological maturity, which is demonstrated by the ability to ensure the desired quality of SLM implants and reproducibility in a cost-effective manner. We will, in this chapter, address some of the critical aspects of PBF, particularly those of SLM, including the effects of geometrical design, process parameters, and material type on the quality and properties of AM implants. Finally, we will conclude this chapter with a discussion on the limitations, challenges, and outlook of SLM for implants.