Realizing success for complex converging systems

In this chapter a specific aspect of complex systems, the fact that they may consist of established subsystems or components that originate from converging industries, will be described. To realize such complex systems, common standards with which the components of such systems can be interconnected are essential. A specific type of standard will be described which can be used to realize such complex systems; subsystem standards. It will be determined which factors affect the success of subsystem standards by studying a specific example of a subsystem standard; USB. This specific case illustrates the importance of flexibility; standards should guarantee a certain amount of flexibility so that it is possible to adapt them to changing requirements that inevitably emerge when components that originate from multiple converging industries are connected. Second, the case illustrates the importance of network diversity in that subsystem standards should be supported by a diverse network in terms of stakeholder representation. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research directions.