Sensitivity analysis of the effect of forced convection on photovoltaic module temperature and energy yield

With the growing competition of utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) plants to provide electricity to the grid, accurate energy yield simulation is becoming essential. Apart from irradiance, forced convection can have an equally significant impact on solar cell temperature, which in turn affects the power output, hence the energy yield. As a consequence, the wind must be taken into account for an accurate estimation of PV installations' energy yield. However, no earlier studies have systematically investigated the impact of wind on precise energy yield simulation. In this study, we investigate how sensitive is PV module's output to forced convection. First, we reveal a significant deviation between the simulated PV module's energy yield and cell temperature compared to experimental results in case dynamic wind effects are neglected. Secondly, for controlled incremental forced convection with a steady state scenario, we show that for higher wind speed the change of PV module's cell temperature and power output is small with different forced convection. Whereas, for the low wind speed, small changes of forced convection imply a larger variation of the PV module's cell temperature and power output. This shows that for high wind speed region energy yield estimation is less sensitive on modelling errors. Whereas for the low wind speed region it is highly sensitive.